相关论文: Observables III: Classical Observables
Quantum mechanics is widely regarded as a complete theory, yet we argue it is a tractable projection of a deeper, computationally-inaccessible classical variational structure. By analyzing the coupled partial differential equations of the…
A new quantum algebraic description of relativistic electrons, built on a conformal dynamical symmetry (SO(4,2)), has recently been proposed to treat localization in space-time. It is shown here that localization of an electron may be…
John Bell once argued that one ought to select, out of the 'observables' of quantum theory, some subset of 'beables' that can be consistently ascribed determinate values. Moreover, this subset should be selected so as to guarantee (among…
Founding our analysis on the Geneva-Brussels approach to the foundations of physics, we provide a clarification and classification of the key concept of observation. An entity can be observed with or without a scope. In the second case, the…
Two hallmarks of quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement are the ensemble-level conservation of the expectation value of the measured observable $A$ and the eventual, inevitable collapse of the system into some eigenstate of $A$. This…
In a series of papers we have argued that the 'basic' physical procedure of minimal coupling giving the quantum description of a Hamiltonian system interacting with a magnetic field, can be given a very satisfactory mathematical formulation…
By a quantum version of the Arnold transformation of classical mechanics, all quantum dynamical systems whose classical equations of motion are non-homogeneous linear second-order ordinary differential equations, including systems with…
Following the same steps made for a scalar field in a parallel publication, we propose a class of perturbative theories of quantum gravity based on fractional operators, where the kinetic operator of the graviton is either made of…
Regarded as one of the most fundamental concepts of classical mechanics and thermodynamics, work has received well-grounded definitions within the quantum framework since the 1970s, having being successfully applied to many contexts. Recent…
Various definitions of chiral observables in a given Moebius covariant two-dimensional theory are shown to be equivalent. Their representation theory in the vacuum Hilbert space of the 2D theory is studied. It shares the general…
It is first shown that when the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for a wave function is written in the polar form, complete information about the system's {\em quantum-ness} is separated out in a single term $Q$, the so called `quantum potential'.…
Many observables in quantum field theories are involved non-analytic functions of the parameters of the theory. However, it is expected that they are not arbitrarily wild, but rather have only a finite amount of geometric complexity. This…
A field state containing photons propagating in different directions has a non vanishing mass which is a quantum observable. We interpret the shift of this mass under transformations to accelerated frames as defining space-time observables…
We reconsider quantum mechanical systems based on the classical action being the period of a one form over a cycle and elucidate three main points. First we show that the prepotenial V is no longer completely arbitrary but obeys a…
Classical mechanics is presented here in a unary operator form, constructed using the binary multiplication and Poisson bracket operations that are given in a phase space formalism, then a Gibbs equilibrium state over this unary operator…
It often goes unnoticed that, even for a finite number of degrees of freedom, the canonical commutation relations have many inequivalent irreducible unitary representations; the free particle and a particle in a box provide examples that…
We discuss the classical statistics of isolated subsystems. Only a small part of the information contained in the classical probability distribution for the subsystem and its environment is available for the description of the isolated…
The description of relativistic effects requires a preliminary definition of events localised in space-time while the clocks used for time definition and the fields used in synchronisation or localisation procedures are necessarily quantum…
For a quantum observable $A_\hbar$ depending on a parameter $\hbar$ we define the notion ``$A_\hbar$ converges in the classical limit''. The limit is a function on phase space. Convergence is in norm in the sense that $A_\hbar\to0$ is…
We further develop a noncommutative model unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity proposed in {\it Gen. Rel. Grav.} (2004) {\bf 36}, 111-126. Generalized symmetries of the model are defined by a groupoid $\Gamma $ given by the…