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Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize viral protein fragments displayed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of virally infected cells and generate an anti-viral response that can kill the infected cells.…

The twin processes of viral evolutionary escape and reversion in response to host immune pressure, in particular the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, shape Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 sequence evolution in infected host…

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 or simply HIV) induces a persistent infection, which in the absence of treatment leads to AIDS and death in almost all infected individuals. HIV infection elicits a vigorous immune response starting about…

In this work we develop a stochastic model of acute HIV infection, based on the well-known standard model, that allows us to simulate the complex mutation pathways of HIV escape from multiple CTL responses. Under this model, we describe two…

In early HIV infection, the virus population escapes from multiple CD8+ cell responses. The later an escape mutation emerges, the slower it outgrows its competition, i. e. the escape rate is lower. This pattern could indicate that the…

Intrahost simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) evolution is marked by repeated viral escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTLs) response. Typically, the first such CTL escape occurs in a matter of days, starting around the time of peak viral…

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are immune system cells that are thought to play an important role in controlling HIV infection. We develop a stochastic ODE model of HIV-CTL interaction that extends current deterministic ODE models. Based on…

The evolutionary dynamics of HIV during the chronic phase of infection is driven by the host immune response and by selective pressures exerted through drug treatment. To understand and model the evolution of HIV quantitatively, the…

Chronic infections of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) create a very complex co-evolutionary process, where the virus tries to escape the continuously adapting host immune system. Quantitative details of this process are largely…

In [Math. Comput. Sci. 12 (2018), no. 2, 111--127], a delayed model describing the dynamics of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) immune response is investigated by Allali, Harroudi and Torres. Here,…

One way in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replicates within a host is by infecting activated CD4+ T-cells, which then produce additional copies of the virus. Even with the introduction of antiretroviral drug therapy, which…

Intrapatient HIV-1 evolution is dominated by selection on the protein level in the arms race with the adaptive immune system. When cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells or neutralizing antibodies target a new epitope, the virus often escapes via…

Mathematical modeling and analysis can provide insight on the dynamics of ecosystems which maintain biodiversity in the face of competitive and prey-predator interactions. Of primary interests are the underlying structure and features which…

In this paper, we develop a dynamic model of HIV infection that incorporates latent hosts, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity, saturated incidence rates, and two transmission mechanisms: virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmission. The…

A dynamic model of non-lineal time-dependent ordinary differential equations (ODE) has been applied to the interactions of a HIV infection with the immune system cells. This model has been simplified into two compartments: lymph node and…

In this paper we consider the evolution of the HIV infection under a highly effective treatment based on a combination of RTI and/or PI drugs. This is usually modelled with a set of ODEs where the drug efficacy is a constant. In this paper…

During an infection, HIV experiences strong selection by immune system T cells. Recent experimental work has shown that MHC escape mutations form an important pathway for HIV to avoid such selection. In this paper, we study a model of MHC…

Multiple mechanisms in the HIV lifecycle play a role in its ability to evade therapy and become a chronic, difficult-to-treat infection. Within its major cellular target, the activated T cell, many steps occur between viral entry and viral…

The vertebrate adaptive immune system provides a flexible and diverse set of molecules to neutralize pathogens. Yet, viruses such as HIV can cause chronic infections by evolving as quickly as the adaptive immune system, forming an…

Recent clinical studies have shown that HIV disease pathogenesis can depend strongly on many factors at the time of transmission, including the strength of the initial viral load and the local availability of CD4+ T-cells. In this article,…