物理与社会
Patents serve as valuable indicators of innovation and provide insights into the spaces of innovation and venture formation within geographic regions. In this study, we utilise patent data to examine the dynamics of innovation and venture…
As Internet of Things (IoT) technology grows, so does the threat of malware infections. A proposed countermeasure, the use of benevolent "white worms" to combat malicious "black worms", presents unique ethical and practical challenges. This…
The interactions between individuals play a pivotal role in shaping the structure and dynamics of social systems. Complex network models have proven invaluable in uncovering the underlying mechanisms that govern the formation and evolution…
Access to external knowledge sources through localized knowledge spillovers is an important determinant of the innovative capabilities of firms. However, the geographical extent of knowledge spillovers is not well understood. In this…
The framework of iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is commonly used to study direct reciprocity and cooperation, with a focus on the assessment of the generosity and reciprocal fairness of an IPD strategy in one-on-one settings. In order to…
Contact matrices have become a key ingredient of modern epidemic models. They account for the stratification of contacts for the age of individuals and, in some cases, the context of their interactions. However, age and context are not the…
Water Supply Systems are essential infrastructures for the socio-economic life of urban cities. To improve their reliability, water utilities undertake several short- and long-term operational tasks based on technical and economic…
Real-world networks are neither regular nor random, a fact elegantly explained by mechanisms such as the Watts-Strogatz or the Barabasi-Albert models, among others. Both mechanisms naturally create shortcuts and hubs, which while enhancing…
The game of Gyan Chauper or snakes and ladders exists in many forms throughout history as a board game of varying size, structure, and game elements of snakes and ladders associated with various vices and virtues inscribed within the board.…
Classical economics has developed an arsenal of methods, based on the idea of representative agents, to come up with precise numbers for next year's GDP, inflation and exchange rates, among (many) other things. Few, however, will disagree…
The adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) may significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transport. However, there is wide disagreement as to how soon battery electric vehicles will play a major role in overall…
Leadership is evolving dynamically from an individual endeavor to shared efforts. This paper aims to advance our understanding of shared leadership in scientific teams. We define three kinds of leaders, junior (10-15), mid (15-20), and…
Air quality and human exposure to mobile source pollutants have become major concerns in urban transportation. Existing studies mainly focus on mitigating traffic congestion and reducing carbon footprints, with limited understanding of…
Knowledge networks have become increasingly important as a changing repository of data which can be represented, studied and modeled by using complex networks concepts and methodologies. Here we report a study of knowledge networks…
A wealth of evidence shows that real world networks are endowed with the small-world property i.e., that the maximal distance between any two of their nodes scales logarithmically rather than linearly with their size. In addition, most…
This article investigates mechanism-based explanations for a well-known empirical pattern in sociology of education, namely, that Black-White unequal access to school resources -- defined as advanced coursework -- is the highest in racially…
Complex networks evolve and vary their structure as time goes by. In particular, the links in those networks have both a sign and a directionality. To understand their structural principles, we measure the network motifs, which are patterns…
Cohesion plays a crucial role in achieving collective goals, promoting cooperation and trust, and improving efficiency within social groups. To gain deeper insights into the dynamics of group cohesion, we have extended our previous model of…
Knowing which nodes are influential in a complex network and whether the network can be influenced by a small subset of nodes is a key part of network analysis. However, many traditional measures of importance focus on node level…
Successfully anticipating sudden major changes in complex systems is a practical concern. Such complex systems often form a heterogeneous network, which may show multistage transitions in which some nodes experience a regime shift earlier…