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A slight modification of one axiom of quantum theory changes a reversible theory into a time asymmetric theory. Whereas the standard Hilbert space axiom does not distinguish mathematically between the space of states (in-states of…
The meaning of time asymmetry in quantum physics is discussed. On the basis of a mathematical theorem, the Stone--von Neumann theorem, the solutions of the dynamical equations, the Schr\"odinger equation (1) for states or the Heisenberg…
In quantum physics, disturbance due to a measurement is not negligible. This requires the time parameter $t$ in the Schr\"odinger or Heisenberg equation to be considered differently from a time continuum of experimenter's clock $T$ on which…
The Rigged Hilbert Space (RHS) theory of resonance scattering and decay is reviewed and contrasted with the standard Hilbert space (HS) theory of quantum mechanics. The main difference is in the choice of boundary conditions. Whereas the…
We use spectral projections of time operator in the Liouville space for simple quantum scattering systems in order to define a space of unstable particle states evolving under a contractive semi-group. This space includes purely…
In quantum mechanical experiments one distinguishes between the state of an experimental system and an observable measured in it. Heuristically, the distinction between states and observables is also suggested in scattering theory or when…
Decaying states can be represented by Gamow vectors with an exponential, asymmetric time evolution. This asymmetric evolution is a manifestation of irreversibility on the microphysical level. The Rigged Hilbert Space provides a mathematical…
The purpose of these lectures is to give an accessible and self contained introduction to quantum scattering theory in one dimension. Part A defines the theoretical playground, and develops basic concepts of scattering theory in the time…
We present a systematic treatment of scattering processes for quantum systems whose time evolution is discrete. We define and show some general properties of the scattering operator, in particular the conservation of quasi-energy which is…
After a review of the arrows of time, we describe the possibilities of a time-asymmetry in quantum theory. Whereas Hilbert space quantum mechanics is time-symmetric, the rigged Hilbert space formulation, which arose from Dirac's bra-ket…
The Bohm-Gadella theory, sometimes referred to as the Time Asymmetric Quantum Theory of Scattering and Decay, is based on the Hardy axiom. The Hardy axiom asserts that the solutions of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation are functionals over…
Semigroups describing the time evolution of open quantum systems in finite-dimensional spaces have generators of a special form, known as Lindblad generators. These generators and the corresponding processes of time evolution are analyzed,…
For selected classes of quantum mechanical Hamiltonians a canonical association of a decay semigroup is presented. The spectrum of the generator of this semigroup is a pure eigenvalue spectrum and it coincides with the set of all…
For a quantum theory that includes exponentially decaying states and Breit-Wigner resonances, which are related to each other by the lifetime-width relation $\tau=\frac{\hbar}{\Gamma}$, where $\tau$ is the lifetime of the decaying state and…
It is demonstrated that almost any S-matrix of quantum field theory in curved spaces posses an infinite set of complex poles (or branch cuts). These poles can be transformed into complex eigenvalues, the corresponding eigenvectors being…
An adapted representation of quantum mechanics sheds new light on the relationship between quantum states and classical states. In this approach the space of quantum states splits into a product of the state space of classical mechanics and…
Relativistic resonances and decaying states are described by representations of Poincar\'e transformations, similar to Wigner's definition of stable particles. To associate decaying state vectors to resonance poles of the $S$-matrix, the…
We discuss the quantum Lax-Phillips theory of scattering and unstable systems. In this framework, the decay of an unstable system is described by a semigroup. The spectrum of the generator of the semigroup corresponds to the singularities…
Beginning with the principle that a closed mechanical composite system is timeless, time can be defined by the regular changes in a suitable position coordinate (clock) in the observing part, when one part of the closed composite observes…
A physical theory is proposed that obeys both the principles of special relativity and of quantum mechanics. As a key feature, the laws are formulated in terms of quantum events rather than of particle states. Temporal and spatial…