相关论文: Loop Variables and Gauge Invariance in (Open) Boso…

The principle of local gauge invariance is applied to fractional wave equations and the interaction term is determined up to order $o(\bar{g})$ in the coupling constant $\bar{g}$. As a first application, based on the Riemann-Liouville…

Physical systems may couple to other systems through variables that are not gauge invariant. When we split a gauge system into two subsystems, the gauge-invariant variables of the two subsystems have less information than the gauge…

We suggest that proper variables for the description of non-Abelian theories are those gauge invariant ones which keep the invariance of the winding number functional with respect to topologically nontrivial (large) gauge transformations.…

Gauge invariance was discovered in the development of classical electromagnetism and was required when the latter was formulated in terms of the scalar and vector potentials. It is now considered to be a fundamental principle of nature,…

We show that the perturbative expansion of general gauge theories can be expressed in terms of gauge invariant variables to all orders in perturbations. In this we generalize techniques developed in gauge invariant cosmological perturbation…

We consider in detail the problem of gauge dependence that exists in relativistic perturbation theory, going beyond the linear approximation and treating second and higher order perturbations. We first derive some mathematical results…

Gauge invariance, a core principle in electrodynamics, has two separate meanings. One concept treats the photon as the gauge particle for electrodynamics. It is based on symmetries of the Lagrangian, and requires no mention of electric or…

A method of constructing a canonical gauge invariant quantum formulation for a non-gauge classical theory depending on a set of parameters is advanced and then applied to the theory of closed bosonic string interacting with massive…

The paper is devoted to a geometrical interpretation of gauge invariance in terms of the formalism of field theory in compact space-time dimensions [arXiv:0903.3680]. In this formalism, the kinematic information of an interacting elementary…

We study the possible affine gauge transformations of the torsion tensor that make up Lie algebras. We find two such non-trivial structures, in which the gauge parameters are a $2$-form and a scalar. The first one gives rise to a…

In this paper we investigate the tachyon instability of open bosonic string theory applying methods of boundary conformal field theory. We consider compactifications on maximal tori of various simple Lie algebras with a specific background…

The aim of this paper is to show the gauge-invariance on the response of interferometers to gravitational waves (GWs). In this process, after a review of results on the Tranverse-Traceless (TT) gauge, where, in general, the theoretical…

Using connection with quantum field theory, the infinitesimal covariant abelian gauge transformation laws of relativistic two-particle constraint theory wave functions and potentials are established and weak invariance of the corresponding…

The proof of gauge invariance of the quantum electrodynamics of photons and electrons does not apply directly to the quantum electrodynamics of photons, electrons, and nuclei because multi-electron atoms belong to the space of asymptotic…

The multiloop amplitudes for open bosonic string in presence of a constant B-field are derived from first principles. The basic ingredients of the construction are the commutation relations for the string modes and the Reggeon vertex…

In a recent paper we considered the type 0 string theories, obtained from the ten-dimensional closed NSR string by a GSO projection which excludes space-time fermions, and studied the low-energy dynamics of N coincident D-branes. This led…

We show how the widely used concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking can be explained in causal perturbation theory by introducing a perturbative version of quantum gauge invariance. Perturbative gauge invariance, formulated exclusively by…

We point out an incompleteness of formulations of gravitational and gauge theories that use traces of holonomies around closed curves as their basic variables. It is shown that in general such loop variables have to satisfy certain…

System of a D-brane in bosonic string theory on a constant $B$ field background is studied in order to obtain further insight into the bulk-boundary duality. Boundary states which describe arbitrary numbers of open-string tachyons and…

We propose a method of constructing a gauge invariant canonical formulation for non-gauge classical theory which depends on a set of parameters. Requirement of closure for algebra of operators generating quantum gauge transformations leads…