相关论文: Loop Variables and Gauge Invariance in (Open) Boso…

We study the gauge invariance of laser-matter interaction. The velocity gauge where the vector potential is expanded to the $n$-th order with respect to the spatial coordinate, and the length gauge where the electric and magnetic fields are…

Using the recent proposal for the observables in open string field theory, we explicitly compute the coupling of closed string tachyon and massless states with the open string states up to level two. Using these couplings, we then calculate…

The two-photon-exchange diagrams for atoms with single valence electrons are investigated. Calculation formulas are derived for an arbitrary state within the rigorous bound-state QED framework utilizing the redefined vacuum formalism. In…

In undergraduate electromagnetism courses, the Lorenz gauge condition is often presented as a convenient mathematical choice that decouples the wave equations for the scalar and vector potentials. While true, this presentation may leave…

Open string field theory in the level truncation approximation is considered. It is shown that the energy conservation law determines existence of rolling tachyon solution. The coupling of the open string field theory action to a…

Based on the Ginsparg-Wilson relation, a gauge invariant formulation of electroweak SU(2)xU(1) gauge theory on the lattice is considered. If the hypercharge gauge coupling is turned off in the vacuum sector of the U(1) gauge fields, the…

In this paper we put forward a systematic and unifying approach to construct gauge invariant composite fields out of connections. It relies on the existence in the theory of a group valued field with a prescribed gauge transformation. As an…

Gauge-invariant Wigner theory describes the quantum-mechanical evolution of charged particles in the presence of an electromagnetic field in phase space, which is spanned by position and kinetic momentum. This approach is independent of the…

Based on an effective field theory of hadrons in which quantum chromodynamics is assumed to provide the necessary bare cutoff functions, a gauge-invariant theory of pion photoproduction with fully dressed nucleons is developed. The…

We discuss quantum scale invariance in (scale invariant) gauge theories with both ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) divergences. Firstly, their BRST invariance is checked in two apparently unrelated approaches using a scale invariant…

We calculate Wilson loops on boundaries of Lifshitz-like dual backgrounds with different scaling parameters, assuming existence of a field theory dual to string theory in the bulk. We consider scaling parameters to be variable quantities…

It is shown that gauge theories are most naturally studied via a polar decomposition of the field variable. Gauge transformations may be viewed as those that leave the density invariant but change the phase variable by additive amounts. The…

It is generally assumed that quantum field theory (QFT) is gauge invariant. However it is well known that non-gauge invariant terms appear in various calculations. This problem was examined in Refs. [3] and [4] and it was shown that at the…

We study the gauge invariance of physical observables in holographic theories under the local diffeomorphism. We find that gauge invariance is intimately related to the holographic renormalisation: the local counter terms defined in the…

We consider the case of coherent gauge invariant operators in the SU(3) and SO(4) sectors. We argue that in many cases, these sectors can be closed in the thermodynamic limit, even at higher loops. We then use a modification of the Bethe…

The concept of perturbative gauge invariance formulated exclusively by means of asymptotic fields is used to construct massive gauge theories. We consider the interactions of $r$ massive and $s$ massless gauge fields together with $(r+s)$…

Nonequilibrium calculations in the presence of an electric field are usually performed in a gauge, and need to be transformed to reveal the gauge-invariant observables. In this work, we discuss the issue of gauge invariance in the context…

Noncommutativity in an open string moving in a background Neveu-Schwarz field is investigated in a gauge independent Hamiltonian approach, leading to new results. The noncommutativity is shown to be a direct consequence of the non-trivial…

At the classical level we study open bosonic strings. A generic description of string self-interactions localized at string ends is given. Self-interactions are characterized by two dimensionless coupling constants. The model is rewritten…

When the electroweak action is rewritten in terms of SU(2) gauge invariant variables, the Higgs can be interpreted as a conformal metric factor. We show that asymptotic flatness of the metric is required to avoid a Gribov problem: without…