相关论文: Koopman operators and the $3x+1$-dynamical system
Koopman operator is a composition operator defined for a dynamical system described by nonlinear differential or difference equation. Although the original system is nonlinear and evolves on a finite-dimensional state space, the Koopman…
The Koopman operator provides a linear perspective on non-linear dynamics by focusing on the evolution of observables in an invariant subspace. Observables of interest are typically linearly reconstructed from the Koopman eigenfunctions.…
Koopman operator describes evolution of observables in the phase space, which could be used to extract characteristic dynamical features of a nonlinear system. Here, we show that it is possible to carry out interesting symbolic partitions…
The famous 3x + 1 problem of L. Collatz needs no introduction; however, this paper concerns a lesser-known, but similarly unresolved, precursor problem : the Original Collatz Conjecture, or OCC. We demonstrate that the core arithmetic…
Nonlinear dynamical systems are ubiquitous in science and engineering, yet analysis and prediction of these systems remains a challenge. Koopman operator theory circumvents some of these issues by considering the dynamics in the space of…
We exploit the key idea that nonlinear system identification is equivalent to linear identification of the socalled Koopman operator. Instead of considering nonlinear system identification in the state space, we obtain a novel linear…
In this work, we explore finite-dimensional linear representations of nonlinear dynamical systems by restricting the Koopman operator to an invariant subspace. The Koopman operator is an infinite-dimensional linear operator that evolves…
A systematic mathematical framework for the study of numerical algorithms would allow comparisons, facilitate conjugacy arguments, as well as enable the discovery of improved, accelerated, data-driven algorithms. Over the course of the last…
The Koopman operator is a linear but infinite dimensional operator that governs the evolution of scalar observables defined on the state space of an autonomous dynamical system, and is a powerful tool for the analysis and decomposition of…
In this work, the problem of learning Koopman operator of a discrete-time autonomous system is considered. The learning problem is formulated as a constrained regularized empirical loss minimization in the infinite-dimensional space of…
System identification based on Koopman operator theory has grown in popularity recently. Spectral properties of the Koopman operator of a system were proven to relate to properties like invariant sets, stability, periodicity, etc. of the…
This paper discusses stochastic models for predicting the long-time behavior of the trajectories of orbits of the 3x+1 problem and, for comparison, the 5x+1 problem. The stochastic models are rigorously analyzable, and yield heuristic…
Collatz conjecture is generalized to $3n+3^k$ ($k\in N$). Operating as usual, every sequence seems to reach $3^k$ and end up in the loop $3^k, 4.3^k, 2.3^k,3^k$. The usual $3n+1$ conjecture is recovered for $k=0$. For $k>0$, we noticed the…
The Koopman operator allows for handling nonlinear systems through a (globally) linear representation. In general, the operator is infinite-dimensional - necessitating finite approximations - for which there is no overarching framework.…
Koopman operators provide tractable means of learning linear approximations of non-linear dynamics. Many approaches have been proposed to find these operators, typically based upon approximations using an a-priori fixed class of models.…
The Koopman operator has entered and transformed many research areas over the last years. Although the underlying concept$\unicode{x2013}$representing highly nonlinear dynamical systems by infinite-dimensional linear…
This paper considers a nonlinear dynamical system on a complex, finite dimensional Banach space which has an asymptotically stable, hyperbolic fixed point. We investigate the connection between the so-called principle eigenfunctions of the…
A recast of the standard residue-class analysis of the 3x+1 (Collatz) map in terms of two elementary operators on arithmetic progressions. The resulting calculus (i) splits any progression into its even and odd subsequences in a single…
Over the last few years, several works have proposed deep learning architectures to learn dynamical systems from observation data with no or little knowledge of the underlying physics. A line of work relies on learning representations where…
The Collatz process is defined on natural numbers by iterating the map $T(x) = T_0(x) = x/2$ when $x\in\mathbb{N}$ is even and $T(x)=T_1(x) =(3x+1)/2$ when $x$ is odd. In an effort to understand its dynamics, and since Generalised Collatz…