相关论文: A retraction theorem for topological fundamental g…
Endowed with natural topologies, the fundamental group of the Hawaiian earring continuously injects into the inverse limit of free groups. This note shows the injection fails to have a continuous inverse. Such a phenomenon was unexpected…
Endowed with quotient topology inherited from the space of based loops, the fundamental group of the Hawaiian earring fails to be metrizable. The fundamental group of any space which retracts to the Hawaiian earring is also nonmetrizable.
The premier exhibition of the following phenomenon: The fundamental group of any Peano continuum constructed in similar fashion to the Hawaiian earring admits two natural distinct topological group structures. However despite being…
The natural quotient map q from the space of based loops in the Hawaiian earring onto the fundamental group provides a new example of a quotient map such that q x q fails to be a quotient map. This also settles in the negative the question…
The harmonic archipelago HA is obtained by attaching a large pinched annulus to every pair of consecutive loops of the Hawaiian earring. We clarify the fundamental group pi1(HA) as a quotient of the Hawaiian earring group, provide a precise…
The paper is devoted to study the structure of Hawaiian groups of some topological spaces. We present some behaviors of Hawaiian groups with respect to product spaces, weak join spaces, cone spaces, covering spaces and locally trivial…
The topological fundamental group $\pi_{1}^{top}$ is a topological invariant that assigns to each space a quasi-topological group and is discrete on spaces which are well behaved locally. For a totally path-disconnected, Hausdorff, unbased…
We prove several new theorems regarding first homology. Some dichotomies for first homology of Peano continua are presented, as well as a notion of strong abelianization for arbitrary path connected metric spaces. We also show that the…
We will show that all inverse limits of finite rank free groups index by the natural numbers are isomorphic either to a finite rank free group or to a fixed universal group. In other words, any inverse system of finite rank free groups…
This paper is devoted to the study of a natural group topology on the fundamental group which remembers local properties of spaces forgotten by covering space theory and weak homotopy type. It is known that viewing the fundamental group as…
We show a dichotomy for groups of cardinality less than continuum. The number of homomorphisms from the Hawaiian earring group to such a group $G$ is either the cardinality of $G$ in case $G$ is noncommutatively slender, or the number is…
In order to extrincate the structure of corings with a finitely generated and projective generator we give the notion of a comatrix coring. As consequences we give generalizations of the main characterizations of faithfully flat Galois…
A strongly zero-dimensional topological group containing a closed subgroup of positive covering dimension is constructed.
In this paper, we introduce a kind of homology which we call Hawaiian homology to study and classify pointed topological spaces. The Hawaiian homology group has advantages of Hawaiian groups. Moreover, the first Hawaiian homology group is…
We develop tools to recognize sequential spaces with large inductive dimension zero. We show the Hawaiian earring group $G$ is 0 dimensional, when endowed with the quotient topology, inherited from the space of based loops with the compact…
This paper develops a basic theory of H-groups. We introduce a special quotient of H-groups and extend some algebraic constructions of topological groups to the category of H-groups and H-maps. We use these constructions to prove some…
The classical archipelago is a non-contractible subset of $\mathbb{R}^3$ which is homeomorphic to a disk except at one non-manifold point. Its fundamental group, $\mathcal{A}$, is the quotient of the topologist's product of $\mathbb Z$, the…
The connected covering spaces of a connected and locally path-connected topological space $X$ can be classified by the conjugacy classes of those subgroups of $\pi_1(X,x)$ which contain an open normal subgroup of $\pi_1(X,x)$, when endowed…
We show that certain algebraic structures lack freeness in the absence of the axiom of choice. These include some subgroups of the Baer-Specker group $\mathbb{Z}^{\omega}$ and the Hawaiian earring group. Applications to slenderness,…
We prove the existence of topological rings in (0,2) theories containing non-anomalous left-moving U(1) currents by which they may be twisted. While the twisted models are not topological, their ground operators form a ring under…