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The assumption of free will - the ability of an experimentalist to make random choices - is central to proving the indeterminism of quantum resources, the primary tool in quantum cryptography. Relaxing the assumption in a Bell test allows…

量子物理 · 物理学 2013-12-30 James E. Pope , Alastair Kay

Device independent protocols rely on the violation of Bell inequalities to certify properties of the resources available. The violation of the inequalities are meaningless without a few well-known assumptions. One of these is measurement…

量子物理 · 物理学 2013-06-28 Le Phuc Thinh , Lana Sheridan , Valerio Scarani

Bell inequalities or Bell-like experiments are supposed to test hidden variable theories based on three intuitive assumptions: determinism, locality and measurement independence. If one of the assumptions of Bell inequality is properly…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-04-19 R. Rossi , Leonardo A. M. Souza

A Bell test can rule out local realistic models, and has potential applications in communications and information tasks. For example, a Bell inequality violation can certify the presence of intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes,…

Bell's inequality was originally derived under the assumption that experimenters are free to select detector settings independently of any local "hidden variables" that might affect the outcomes of measurements on entangled particles. This…

Bell inequalities rely on an assumption that the probabilities of adopting configurations of hidden variables describing a system prior to measurement are independent of the choice of measured physical property, also known as measurement…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-09-05 Sophia M. Walls , Ian J. Ford

The demonstration and use of Bell-nonlocality, a concept that is fundamentally striking and is at the core of applications in device independent quantum information processing, relies heavily on the assumption of measurement independence,…

量子物理 · 物理学 2016-05-13 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

The violation of Bell inequality not only provides the most radical departure of quantum theory from classical concepts, but also paves the way of applications in such as device independent randomness certification. Here, we derive the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-24 Youwang Xiao , Xinhui Li , Jing Wang , Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei

It has been believed that statistical inequality such as Bell inequality should be modified once measurement independence (MI), the assumption that observers can freely choose measurement settings without changing the probability…

量子物理 · 物理学 2014-03-19 Minsu Kim , Jinhyoung Lee , Sang Wook Kim

We present a generic study on the information-theoretic security of multi-setting device-independent quantum key distribution protocols, i.e., ones that involve more than two measurements (or inputs) for each party to perform, and yield…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-12-12 Hong-Yi Su

It is well known that the effect of quantum nonlocality, as witnessed by violation of a Bell inequality, can be observed even when relaxing the assumption of measurement independence, i.e. allowing for the source to be partially correlated…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-11-17 Ivan Šupić , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Nicolas Brunner

This work investigates the implications of relaxing the measurement independence assumption in Bell's theorem by introducing a new class of local deterministic models that account for both particle preparation and measurement settings. Our…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-02-24 E. Aldo Arroyo

We perform frequency analysis of the EPR-Bell argumentation. One of the main consequences of our investigation is that the existence of probability distributions of the Kolmogorov-type which was supposed by some authors is a mathematical…

量子物理 · 物理学 2007-05-23 Andrei Khrennikov

The assumption of measurement independence is required for a local deterministic model to conduct a Bell test. The violation of a Bell inequality by such a model implies that this assumption must be relaxed. The degree to which the…

It is widely accepted that the violation of Bell inequalities excludes local theories of the quantum realm. This paper presents a new derivation of the inequalities from non-trivial non-local theories and formulates a stronger Bell argument…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-07-06 Paul M. Näger

Bell's theorem states that no local realistic explanation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible, in which the experimenter has a freedom to choose between different measurement settings. Within a local realistic picture the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2007-05-23 Johannes Kofler , Tomasz Paterek , Caslav Brukner

With the advent of quantum information, the violation of a Bell inequality is used as evidence of the absence of an eavesdropper in cryptographic scenarios such as key distribution and randomness expansion. One of the key assumptions of…

Bell's inequality sets a strict threshold for how strongly correlated the outcomes of measurements on two or more particles can be, if the outcomes of each measurement are independent of actions undertaken at arbitrarily distant locations.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-05-24 David I. Kaiser

The device-independent approach to physics is one where conclusions are drawn directly from the observed correlations between measurement outcomes. In quantum information, this approach allows one to make strong statements about the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-03-28 Pei-Sheng Lin , Denis Rosset , Yanbao Zhang , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Yeong-Cherng Liang

The question of certifying quantum nonlocality under a relaxation of the assumptions in the Bell theorem has gained traction, with potential for device-independent applications under weak seeds and cross-talk. Recently, it was shown that…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-12-23 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu
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