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The prisoners and hats puzzle, or simply the hat puzzle, is a family of games in which a group of prisoners are each assigned a colored hat and are asked to guess the color of their own hat. Various versions of the puzzle arise depending on…

逻辑 · 数学 2025-11-13 Souji Shizuma

Lionel Levine's hat challenge has $t$ players, each with a (very large, or infinite) stack of hats on their head, each hat independently colored at random black or white. The players are allowed to coordinate before the random colors are…

组合数学 · 数学 2021-03-10 Ehud Friedgut , Gil Kalai , Guy Kindler

The following general variant of deterministic Hats game is analyzed. Several sages wearing colored hats occupy the vertices of a graph, the $k$-th sage can have hats of one of $h(k)$ colors. Each sage tries to guess the color of his own…

组合数学 · 数学 2021-03-23 Konstantin Kokhas , Aleksei Latyshev , Vadim Retinsky

The Levine hat game requires $n$ players, each wearing an infinite random stack of black and white hats, to guess the location of a black hat on their own head seeing only the hats worn by all the other players. They are allowed a strategy…

A puzzle about prisoners trying to identify the color of a hat on their head leads to a version where there are k more hats than prisoners. This generalized puzzle is related to the independence number of the arrangement graph A(m, n) and…

组合数学 · 数学 2019-03-25 Rob Pratt , Stan Wagon , Michael Wiener , Piotr Zielinski

We consider Lionel Levine's notorious hat puzzle with two players. Each player has a stack of hats on their head, and each hat is chosen independently to be either black or white. After observing only the other player's hats, players…

概率论 · 数学 2025-03-13 Steven Heilman , Omer Tamuz

Assume $n$ players are placed on the $n$ vertices of a graph $G$. The following game was introduced by Winkler: An adversary puts a hat on each player, where each hat has a colour out of $q$ available colours. The players can see the hat of…

组合数学 · 数学 2021-12-20 Charlotte Knierim , Anders Martinsson , Raphael Steiner

The hat guessing number $HG(G)$ of a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices is defined in terms of the following game: $n$ players are placed on the $n$ vertices of $G$, each wearing a hat whose color is arbitrarily chosen from a set of $q$ possible…

组合数学 · 数学 2021-07-22 Noga Alon , Jeremy Chizewer

We study the hat guessing game on graphs. In this game, a player is placed on each vertex $v$ of a graph $G$ and assigned a colored hat from $h(v)$ possible colors. Each player makes a deterministic guess on their hat color based on the…

组合数学 · 数学 2023-12-05 Jeremy Chizewer , I. M. J. McInnis , Mehrdad Sohrabi , Shriya Kaistha

We study the hat chromatic number of a graph defined in the following way: there is one player at each vertex of a loopless graph $G$, an adversary places a hat of one of $K$ colors on the head of each player, two players can see each…

Consider the following game on a graph $G$: Alice and Bob take turns coloring the vertices of $G$ properly from a fixed set of colors; Alice wins when the entire graph has been colored, while Bob wins when some uncolored vertices have been…

组合数学 · 数学 2015-03-17 Tomasz Krawczyk , Bartosz Walczak

Consider the following hat guessing game. A bear sits on each vertex of a graph $G$, and a demon puts on each bear a hat colored by one of $h$ colors. Each bear sees only the hat colors of his neighbors. Based on this information only, each…

组合数学 · 数学 2024-02-14 Václav Blažej , Pavel Dvořák , Michal Opler

We initiate the study of the hat guessing number of a graph where the adversary is only allowed to provide a proper coloring of the graph. This is the largest number $q$ for which there is a guessing strategy on each vertex that only…

2023 undergraduate thesis on a deterministic "hat game." For a digraph $D$, each player stands on a vertex $v$, is assigned a hat from $h(v)$ possible colors, and makes $g(v)$ guesses of her hat's color based on her out-neighbors' hats. If…

组合数学 · 数学 2025-07-30 I. M. J. McInnis

Geschke, Lubarsky, and Rahn in ``Choice and the Hat Game''~\cite{choice-and-the-hat-game} generalize the classic hat game puzzle to infinitely-many players and ask whether every model of set theory without choice in which the optimal…

逻辑 · 数学 2023-12-05 Luke Serafin

The $k$-majority game is played with $n$ numbered balls, each coloured with one of two colours. It is given that there are at least $k$ balls of the majority colour, where $k$ is a fixed integer greater than $n/2$. On each turn the player…

组合数学 · 数学 2014-02-25 John R. Britnell , Mark Wildon

In this paper we solve the three-player-game question. A three-player-game consists of a series of rounds. There are altogether three players. Two players participate in each round, at the end of the round the loser quits and the third…

概率论 · 数学 2020-09-11 Fangqi Li

The winning condition of a parity game with costs requires an arbitrary, but fixed bound on the cost incurred between occurrences of odd colors and the next occurrence of a larger even one. Such games quantitatively extend parity games…

计算机科学中的逻辑 · 计算机科学 2023-06-22 Alexander Weinert , Martin Zimmermann

We introduce a three-player nonlocal game, with a finite number of classical questions and answers, such that the optimal success probability of $1$ in the game can only be achieved in the limit of strategies using arbitrarily…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-10-28 Zhengfeng Ji , Debbie Leung , Thomas Vidick

We discuss ``puzzles of prisoners and hats`` with infinitely many prisoners and more than two hat colors. Assuming that the set of hat colors is equipped with a commutative group structure, we prove strategic equivalence among puzzles of…

逻辑 · 数学 2019-11-11 Masaru Kada , Souji Shizuma