大气与海洋物理
Energy system models are increasingly dependent on representative climate input. Yet, a fundamental mismatch persists between the hundreds of simulated years often used in climate science and the handful of years that computationally…
A defining feature of the present-day global overturning circulation (GOC) is the absence of deep water formation in the Pacific, in contrast to the Atlantic. This asymmetry, associated with higher surface salinities in the North Atlantic,…
Persistent systematic errors in Earth system models (ESMs) arise from difficulties in representing the full diversity of subgrid, multiscale atmospheric convection and turbulence. Machine learning (ML) parameterizations trained on short…
Reliable precipitation monitoring is essential for disaster risk reduction, water resources management, and agricultural decision-making. Multi-source satellite observations, particularly the combination of geostationary infrared and…
Eddy saturation -- the weak sensitivity of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport to wind stress -- is a fundamental feature of Southern Ocean dynamics, yet the processes that maintain this state remain debated. Previous studies have…
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models are trained to predict forecast errors for the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model using the New York State Mesonet and Oklahoma State Mesonet near-surface weather observations as ground truth.…
The dynamical basis of stratospheric polar vortex predictability remains unclear, particularly the relative roles of persistence, structural variability, and cross-level coupling. Here we provide a state-resolved and quantitative framework…
Modern Earth System Models (ESMs) operate on horizontal scales far larger than typical cloud features, requiring stochastic subcolumn generators to represent subgrid horizontal and vertical cloud variability. Traditional physically-based…
Micrometeoroids enter Earth's atmosphere at hypervelocity speeds and experience rapid coupling between drag, heating, radiation, melting, ablation, and deceleration. This paper develops a reduced threshold model for the thermal survival…
Fundamental inorganic chemistry shows that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 will have no harmful effect on organisms that live in the natural waters of the Earths, and may well benefit them. Alkalinity and dissolved CO2 give…
Physics-based climate projections using general circulation models are essential for assessing future risks, but their coarse resolution limits regional decision-making. Statistical downscaling can efficiently add detail, yet many methods…
Folk meteorological proverbs encode centuries of empirical observation by agricultural communities. Two Hebrew proverbs link lunar calendar anchor days to monthly winter rainfall: (i) "If Rosh Chodesh is rainy, the whole month is rainy" and…
Atmospheric correction is a critical preprocessing step in optical remote sensing, but repeated high-fidelity radiative transfer simulations remain computationally expensive for dense look-up-table generation, sensitivity analysis,…
Machine-learned surrogate modeling of advection may accelerate geoscientific models, but existing approaches have either achieved limited speedup or have sacrificed spatial resolution compared to the model they are trained to emulate. We…
The subpolar oceans are characterized by intense storm forcing and complex littoral topography. Submesoscale frontal instabilities are significant sources of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in these regions. However, criteria for identifying…
Pakistan experienced an unusually severe flood season between June and December 2025, with cascading impacts on population, infrastructure, and agriculture. Existing operational flood products (e.g., UNOSAT) provide valuable episode-level…
Understanding how vegetation loss alters rainfall remains a major challenge in climate and hydrological science, as deforestation modifies precipitation through heterogeneous, seasonal and nonlinear land-atmosphere feedbacks. Existing…
All-sky OH airglow imaging provides two-dimensional observations of mesospheric gravity wave structure near ~87 km altitude. Ripple-scale instability signatures, characterized by 5-15 km horizontal wavelengths and short lifetimes, are…
The ``butterfly effect'', i.e. the growth of a localized infinitesimal perturbation, is the fundamental property of chaotic systems. While the butterfly effect is today an obvious property of low-dimensional chaotic systems, its…
Ocean turbulence plays a key role in shaping large-scale circulation, heat uptake, and biogeochemical processes. The kinetic energy (KE) wavenumber spectrum is a fundamental diagnostic, quantifying how KE is distributed across spatial…