大气与海洋物理
A method for measuring the altitude and particle size of noctilucent clouds, based on positioning and photometry from wide-angle three-color cameras, has been developed to determine the three velocity components, particle radius, and its…
This translational article documents the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) transition from a restricted data licensing model to open access under CC BY 4.0, completed in October 2025. The policy context included EU…
Atmospheric visibility is a critical variable for transportation safety and air quality management, however, accurate prediction remains challenging due to the complex interactions between meteorological conditions and air pollutants, as…
The integration of machine learning (ML) with traditional physics-based models is reshaping the landscape of weather and climate prediction. On their own, ML-based and physics-based approaches each have significant benefits - but also…
Weak shock theory based on cylindrical blast waves has been used to interpret meteor infrasound, but it has not been systematically benchmarked against a non-ablating hypersonic source with independently known parameters. The objective of…
Structural survival of offshore structures is crucial for the growing marine economy. Calculating the added mass, radiation damping, and excitation coefficients to quantify wave loads with the traditional boundary element method (BEM)…
We present the AI weather and climate model intercomparison project (AIMIP), phase 1. Drawing from the rich tradition of intercomparisons in climate model development, we specify a common experiment, output data format, and training…
In recent years, Deep-Learning Earth System Models (DL-ESMs) have emerged as promising, computationally efficient complements to traditional Earth system models. Here, we present an evaluation framework for testing DL-ESMs from a…
NORi is a machine learning (ML) parameterization of ocean boundary layer turbulence that is physics-based and augmented with neural networks. NORi stands for neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) Richardson number (Ri) closure. The…
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a central component of tropical climate, but the conditions under which a tropical rain belt remains zonally extended or becomes unstable to zonal organization are not well understood. We…
Tropical cyclone (TC) inner-core surface wind vectors underpin intensity forecasting and storm-surge prediction, yet direct observations remain scarce: routine aircraft reconnaissance is confined to the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific…
High-resolution precipitation information is essential for climate impact assessment, yet global climate models remain too coarse to resolve key small-scale processes. Existing machine learning downscaling methods often require paired low-…
Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is a solar radiation modification technique, proposed as an interim measure to offset warming while greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced. This paper discusses a possible SAI implementation route -…
The oceans play a fundamental role in Earth's climate system, redistributing heat and influencing global and regional climate variability and predictability across weather and climate timescales. The benefits of ocean-atmosphere coupling…
Ocean mesoscale eddies can be thought of as the "weather" of the ocean and strongly influence the ocean's physics, chemistry, and biology; they influence other components of the Earth system via air-sea and sea-ice interactions, and are…
Global ocean models exhibit biases in the mean state and variability, particularly at coarse resolution, where mesoscale eddies are unresolved. To address these biases, parameterization coefficients are typically tuned ad hoc. Here, we…
The diurnal cycle of precipitation near New Guinea involves intricate land-ocean-atmosphere interactions, posing substantial challenges for tropical weather and climate simulations. Using over two decades of GPM satellite observations and…
Clouds play a central role in climate physics by interacting with precipitation, radiation, and circulation. Despite being a fundamental issue in convective organization, the self-aggregation of clouds lacks a theoretical explanation due to…
Accurate seasonal runoff forecasts are critical for managing California's reservoirs and water supply for millions of its residents. Winter snow accumulation provides a strong source of predictability of snowmelt-based runoff in the spring…
Skillful medium-range precipitation forecasting at kilometer scale remains challenging over complex terrain because precipitation arises from multiscale nonlinear processes that global models cannot explicitly resolve at affordable cost.…