大气与海洋物理
Coastal hypoxia (O_2 < 63 [mmol / m^3]) threatens ocean health worldwide. On continental shelves, summer stratification prevents bottom oxygen consumed by respiration from being renewed, making monitoring essential to protect vulnerable…
In 1999 the NWS began using the phrase "tornado emergency" to denote tornado warnings for storms with the potential to cause rare, catastrophic damage. After years of informal usage, tornado emergencies were formally introduced to 46…
Global climate models (GCMs), typically run at ~100-km resolution, capture large-scale environmental conditions but cannot resolve convection and cloud processes at kilometer scales. Convection-permitting models offer higher-resolution…
Current merged precipitation products such as IMERG, GSMAP, and CMORPH combine satellite estimates from passive microwave (PMW) and infrared (IR) observations. However, the different information content of these sensors makes it challenging…
Current global precipitation estimates from spaceborne precipitation radars are limited by their sensitivity to light and frozen precipitation, leading to systematic underestimation of precipitation at high latitudes. Because passive…
Global medium-range weather forecasts suffer occasional failures, often linked to tropical cyclones (TCs). We investigate TC influences on extratropical predictability by comparing forecasts from a physics-based model (ECMWF-IFS) and an…
AI weather models now rival leading numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems in medium-range skill. However, almost all still rely on NWP data assimilation (DA) to provide initial conditions, tying them to expensive infrastructure and…
State-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) cannot explicitly resolve many small-scale atmospheric processes such as atmospheric gravity waves, and thus must represent, or parameterise, their effects on the resolved state. Machine learning…
Data-driven weather models have made rapid advances in recent years, reaching and in some metrics surpassing the large-scale forecast skill of operational numerical weather prediction. This progress, however, has been built almost entirely…
Stratocumulus cloud decks exhibit bistability between patterns of high (closed cells) and low (open cells) cloud fraction. Localized transitions between these two states (pockets of open cells) have been observed but their underlying…
ML climate model emulators are useful for scenario planning and adaptation, allowing for cost-efficient experimentation. Recently, the diffusion model Climate in a Bottle (cBottle) has been proposed for generation of atmospheric states…
Road-traffic NO2 hotspots are still often modelled with static emissions and generic temporal profiles, although near-road concentrations respond strongly to rapidly changing traffic conditions. Here, we test whether detector-informed…
Earth's climate stability, characterized by the global radiative feedback parameter ($\lambda$), varies decadally due to changing surface temperature patterns. Recent variations in $\lambda$ are poorly understood as coordinated model…
The challenge in predicting sub-regional climate within the Indian monsoon region is exacerbated by its increasing variability in a warming world. While exploring the seasonal predictability of rainfall over the state of Tamil Nadu in…
The reconstruction of ocean subsurface temperature (OST) using satellite remote sensing data holds significant scientific value for advancing the understanding of ocean dynamics and climate variability. However, the scarcity of subsurface…
We present measurements of near-infrared (NIR) terrestrial airglow produced by helium and oxygen in the exosphere as observed by SPHEREx. Using eight months of survey data obtained from a 680 km low-Earth orbit, emission from HeI…
Foundation models (FMs) for the Earth system learn statistical relationships between physical variables across massive datasets to enable versatile downstream applications through finetuning, separating them from task-specific weather…
We explore the crucial interplay between climate change and power system planning, highlighting the urgent need to systematically integrate climate information into energy system studies. Climate change impacts the energy sector on multiple…
Over the past decade, it has become clear that the radiative response to surface temperature change depends on the spatially varying structure in the temperature field, a phenomenon known as the "pattern effect''. The pattern effect is…
The nonlinear synergy between global warming and urbanization is amplifying extreme climate risks in cities worldwide. While observations and simulations confirm these compounding effects, two fundamental bottlenecks impede predictive…