大气与海洋物理

Global weather patterns and regimes are heavily influenced by the dominant modes of Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, including the El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability (TPDV), North…

Four episodes of black rainstorms, the highest tier of heavy rain according to the rainstorm warning system in Hong Kong, occurred within eight days from 29 July to 5 August 2025, breaking the record for torrential rain in the territory.…

The focus of nowcasting development is transitioning from physically motivated advection methods to purely data-driven Machine Learning (ML) approaches. Nevertheless, recent work indicates that incorporating advection into the ML value…

We present the CIENS dataset, which contains ensemble weather forecasts from the operational convection-permitting numerical weather prediction model of the German Weather Service. It comprises forecasts for 55 meteorological variables…

The ocean heat content variability in the South China Sea (SCS) plays a pivotal role in regional climate and extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones. Using high-resolution ocean reanalysis data, we show that the SCS exhibits a…

The strengthening of the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient observed in the tropical Pacific in recent decades is a regional climate change signal that may be outside the range of historical simulations with comprehensive climate…

Extreme precipitation in the Arctic region plays a crucial role in global weather and climate patterns. Bear Island (Bj{\o}rn{\o}ya) is located in the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago, which is, therefore, selected for our study on extreme…

Ice clouds, particularly cirrus clouds, significantly influence Earth's radiative balance but remain poorly characterized in current climate models. A major uncertainty arises from the variability of their microphysical properties,…

This study presents key enhancements in hydrodynamic modeling using the strip-based Morison's equation approach to enable rapid simulations of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT). The modeling framework employs the relative form of the…

Human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, primarily from fossil fuel combustion and changes in land use and land cover (LULCC), are a key contributor to climate change. As the climate warms, extreme events such as heatwaves, droughts,…

Climate modeling is reaching unprecedented resolution, producing petabytes of data. AI climate model emulators offer a path to computationally cheap analysis, enabling new scientific insight and scenario planning. Recent advances show…

Internal waves propagate on the ocean's stratification, carrying energy and redistributing momentum through the ocean. When internal waves break, they contribute to diapycnal mixing in the ocean interior, but this breaking behaviour depends…

This study examines the evolution of extreme Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events and their impacts on South America during the austral summer. Furthermore, the study explores how the different ENSO phases modulate extreme MJO events, and…

The microphysical properties of ice crystals are important because they significantly alter the radiative properties and spatiotemporal distributions of clouds, which in turn strongly affect Earth's climate. However, it is challenging to…

Regional machine learning weather prediction (MLWP) models based on graph neural networks have recently demonstrated remarkable predictive accuracy, outperforming numerical weather prediction models at lower computational costs. In…

El Ni\~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts global climate and societal impacts, but real-time prediction with lead times beyond one year remains challenging. Dynamical models suffer from large biases and uncertainties, while deep learning…

Accurate soil moisture prediction during extreme events remains a critical challenge for earth system modeling, with profound implications for drought monitoring, flood forecasting, and climate adaptation strategies. While land surface…

Tornadoes have caused billions of dollars in damage and are one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the United States each year. Tornadoes are known to frequently form in the warm sector of extratropical cyclones (ETCs), yet…

Snow is an essential input for various land surface models. Seasonal snow estimates are available as snow water equivalent (SWE) from process-based reanalysis products or locally from in situ measurements. While the reanalysis products are…

Below about 2.3 $\mu$m, the nighttime emission of the Earth's atmosphere is dominated by non-thermal radiation from the mesosphere and thermosphere. As this airglow can even outshine scattered moonlight in the near-infrared regime, the…