Mrk 501 在历史低位 X 射线与 $\gamma$ 射线活动期间的多信使表征
高能天体物理现象
2023-06-21 v3
摘要
我们利用 2017 至 2020 年间由包括 MAGIC、Fermi-LAT、NuSTAR、Swift、GASP-WEBT 和 OVRO 在内的多种仪器进行的多波段观测研究 Mrk 501 的宽带发射。Mrk 501 表现出极低的宽带活动，这可能有助于揭示其基线发射。尽管如此，在所有波段均探测到显著的通量变化，其中最高者出现在 X 射线与甚高能（VHE） 射线。测得 X 射线与 VHE 射线间存在显著相关（3），支持以轻子情景解释发射的可变部分，即便在低活动期亦然。当我们把数据从 2008 年扩展至 2020 年时，进一步支持该结论，并首次识别出 Swift-XRT 与 Fermi-LAT 间的显著相关。我们还发现高能 射线与射电之间的相关，射电滞后逾 100 天，表明 射线发射区位于喷流中射电亮区上游。此外，Mrk 501 在 2017 年中至 2019 年中呈现历史最低的 X 射线与 VHE 射线活动，其稳定 VHE 通量（0.2 TeV）为蟹状星云发射的 5%。这一长达 2 年的低态（Mrk 501 的潜在基线发射）的宽带能谱分布（SED）可用单区轻子模型以及满足 IceCube 中微子通量约束的（轻子-）强子模型刻画。我们探究了 SED 向低态的演化，揭示稳定的基线发射可归因于驻激波，可变发射归因于附加的膨胀或行进激波。
引用
@article{arxiv.2210.02547,
title = {Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $\gamma$-ray activity},
author = {MAGIC collaboration and H. Abe and S. Abe and V. A. Acciari and I. Agudo and T. Aniello and S. Ansoldi and L. A. Antonelli and A. Arbet Engels and C. Arcaro and M. Artero and K. Asano and D. Baack and A. Babić and A. Baquero and U. Barres de Almeida and J. A. Barrio and I. Batković and J. Baxter and J. Becerra González and W. Bednarek and E. Bernardini and M. Bernardos and A. Berti and J. Besenrieder and W. Bhattacharyya and C. Bigongiari and A. Biland and O. Blanch and G. Bonnoli and Ž. Bošnjak and I. Burelli and G. Busetto and R. Carosi and M. Carretero-Castrillo and A. J. Castro-Tirado and G. Ceribella and Y. Chai and A. Chilingarian and S. Cikota and E. Colombo and J. L. Contreras and J. Cortina and S. Covino and G. D'Amico and V. D'Elia and P. Da Vela and F. Dazzi and A. De Angelis and B. De Lotto and A. Del Popolo and M. Delfino and J. Delgado and C. Delgado Mendez and D. Depaoli and F. Di Pierro and L. Di Venere and E. Do Souto Espiñeira and D. Dominis Prester and A. Donini and D. Dorner and M. Doro and D. Elsaesser and G. Emery and J. Escudero and V. Fallah Ramazani and L. Fariña and A. Fattorini and L. Foffano and L. Font and C. Fruck and S. Fukami and Y. Fukazawa and R. J. García López and M. Garczarczyk and S. Gasparyan and M. Gaug and J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva and N. Giglietto and F. Giordano and P. Gliwny and N. Godinović and R. Grau and D. Green and J. G. Green and D. Hadasch and A. Hahn and T. Hassan and L. Heckmann and J. Herrera and D. Hrupec and M. Hütten and R. Imazawa and T. Inada and R. Iotov and K. Ishio and I. Jiménez Martínez and J. Jormanainen and D. Kerszberg and Y. Kobayashi and H. Kubo and J. Kushida and A. Lamastra and D. Lelas and F. Leone and E. Lindfors and L. Linhoff and S. Lombardi and F. Longo and R. López-Coto and M. López-Moya and A. López-Oramas and S. Loporchio and A. Lorini and E. Lyard and B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga and P. Majumdar and M. Makariev and G. Maneva and N. Mang and M. Manganaro and S. Mangano and K. Mannheim and M. Mariotti and M. Martínez and A. Mas-Aguilar and D. Mazin and S. Menchiari and S. Mender and S. Mićanović and D. Miceli and T. Miener and J. M. Miranda and R. Mirzoyan and E. Molina and H. A. Mondal and A. Moralejo and D. Morcuende and V. Moreno and T. Nakamori and C. Nanci and L. Nava and V. Neustroev and M. Nievas Rosillo and C. Nigro and K. Nilsson and K. Nishijima and T. Njoh Ekoume and K. Noda and S. Nozaki and Y. Ohtani and T. Oka and A. Okumura and J. Otero-Santos and S. Paiano and M. Palatiello and D. Paneque and R. Paoletti and J. M. Paredes and L. Pavletić and M. Persic and M. Pihet and G. Pirola and F. Podobnik and P. G. Prada Moroni and E. Prandini and G. Principe and C. Priyadarshi and W. Rhode and M. Ribó and J. Rico and C. Righi and A. Rugliancich and N. Sahakyan and T. Saito and S. Sakurai and K. Satalecka and F. G. Saturni and B. Schleicher and K. Schmidt and F. Schmuckermaier and J. L. Schubert and T. Schweizer and J. Sitarek and V. Sliusar and D. Sobczynska and A. Spolon and A. Stamerra and J. Strišković and D. Strom and M. Strzys and Y. Suda and T. Surić and H. Tajima and M. Takahashi and R. Takeishi and F. Tavecchio and P. Temnikov and K. Terauchi and T. Terzić and M. Teshima and L. Tosti and S. Truzzi and A. Tutone and S. Ubach and J. van Scherpenberg and M. Vazquez Acosta and S. Ventura and V. Verguilov and I. Viale and C. F. Vigorito and V. Vitale and I. Vovk and R. Walter and M. Will and C. Wunderlich and T. Yamamoto and D. Zarić and Other groups and collaborations and : and M. Cerruti and J. A. Acosta-Pulido and G. Apolonio and R. Bachev and M. Baloković and E. Benítez and I. Björklund and V. Bozhilov and L. F. Brown and A. Bugg and W. Carbonell and M. I. Carnerero and D. Carosati and C. Casadio and W. Chamani and W. P. Chen and R. A. Chigladze and G. Damljanovic and K. Epps and A. Erkenov and M. Feige and J. Finke and A. Fuentes and K. Gazeas and M. Giroletti and T. S. Grishina and A. C. Gupta and M. A. Gurwell and E. Heidemann and D. Hiriart and W. J. Hou and T. Hovatta and S. Ibryamov and M. D. Joner and S. G. Jorstad and J. Kania and S. Kiehlmann and G. N. Kimeridze and E. N. Kopatskaya and M. Kopp and M. Korte and B. Kotas and S. Koyama and J. A. Kramer and L. Kunkel and S. O. Kurtanidze and O. M. Kurtanidze and A. Lähteenmäki and J. M. López and V. M. Larionov and E. G. Larionova and L. V. Larionova and C. Leto and C. Lorey and R. Mújica and G. M. Madejski and N. Marchili and A. P. Marscher and M. Minev and A. Modaressi and D. A. Morozova and T. Mufakharov and I. Myserlis and A. A. Nikiforova and M. G. Nikolashvili and E. Ovcharov and M. Perri and C. M. Raiteri and A. C. S. Readhead and A. Reimer and D. Reinhart and S. Righini and K. Rosenlehner and A. C. Sadun and S. S. Savchenko and A. Scherbantin and L. Schneider and K. Schoch and D. Seifert and E. Semkov and L. A. Sigua and C. Singh and P. Sola and Y. Sotnikova and M. Spencer and R. Steineke and M. Stojanovic and A. Strigachev and M. Tornikoski and E. Traianou and A. Tramacere and Yu. V. Troitskaya and I. S. Troitskiy and J. B. Trump and A. Tsai and A. Valcheva and A. A. Vasilyev and F. Verrecchia and M. Villata and O. Vince and K. Vrontaki and Z. R. Weaver and E. Zaharieva and N. Zottmann},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02547},
year = {2023}
}
备注
55 pages, 30 figures, 14 tables, accepted by APJS. Corresponding authors are L. Heckmann, D. Paneque, S. Gasparyan, M. Cerruti, and N. Sahakyan