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Classical shadow tomography serves as a potent tool for extracting numerous properties from quantum many-body systems with minimal measurements. Nevertheless, prevailing methods yielding optimal performance for few-body operators…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-09-11 Tian-Gang Zhou , Pengfei Zhang

Learning quantum state properties is both a fundamental and practical problem in quantum information theory. Classical shadows have emerged as an efficient method for estimating properties of unknown quantum states, with rigorous…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-30 Hugo Thomas , Ulysse Chabaud , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau

Predicting properties of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential for developing quantum technologies. We present an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-04-20 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng , John Preskill

Accurately estimating expectation values of quantum observables with as few measurements as possible is crucial to many quantum computing applications. We introduce a framework that covers many of existing measurement strategies and…

We introduce "holographic shadows", a new class of randomized measurement schemes for classical shadow tomography that achieves the optimal scaling of sample complexity for learning geometrically local Pauli operators at any length scale,…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-12-30 Shuhan Zhang , Xiaozhou Feng , Matteo Ippoliti , Yi-Zhuang You

Classical shadow tomography (CST) involves obtaining enough classical descriptions of an unknown state via quantum measurements to predict the outcome of a set of quantum observables. CST has numerous applications, particularly in…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-05-22 Zahra Honjani , Mohsen Heidari

A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu

Classical shadows are a computationally efficient approach to storing quantum states on a classical computer for the purposes of estimating expectation values of local observables, obtained by performing repeated random measurements. In…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-03 Saumya Shivam , C. W. von Keyserlingk , S. L. Sondhi

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning many properties of an unknown n-qubit quantum state using a sparing number of copies of the state. Specifically, we present a depth-modulated randomized measurement scheme that…

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Classical shadow tomography is a sample-efficient technique for characterizing quantum systems and predicting many of their properties. Circuit cutting is a technique for dividing large quantum circuits into smaller fragments that can be…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-21 Daniel T. Chen , Zain H. Saleem , Michael A. Perlin

Quantum algorithms exploiting real-time evolution under a target Hamiltonian have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in extracting key spectral information. However, the broader potential of these methods, particularly beyond ground state…

Classical shadows are an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few measurements. In the paper we propose to enhance classical shadow methods using bootstrap resampling methods.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-11-18 Eric Ghysels , Jack Morgan

Classical shadow tomography has become a powerful tool in learning about quantum states prepared on a quantum computer. Recent works have used classical shadows to variationally enforce N-representability conditions on the 2-particle…

Randomized measurement protocols such as classical shadows represent powerful resources for quantum technologies, with applications ranging from quantum state characterization and process tomography to machine learning and error mitigation.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-06-18 Laurin E. Fischer , Timothée Dao , Ivano Tavernelli , Francesco Tacchino

Obtaining precise estimates of quantum observables is a crucial step of variational quantum algorithms. We consider the problem of estimating expectation values of molecular Hamiltonians, obtained on states prepared on a quantum computer.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-06-30 Charles Hadfield , Sergey Bravyi , Rudy Raymond , Antonio Mezzacapo

Quantum subspace expansion (QSE) offers promising avenues to perform spectral calculations on quantum processors but comes with a large measurement overhead. Informationally complete (IC) measurements, such as classical shadows, were…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-10-30 Laurin E. Fischer , Daniel Bultrini , Ivano Tavernelli , Francesco Tacchino

Classical shadows provide a versatile framework for estimating many properties of quantum states from repeated, randomly chosen measurements without requiring full quantum state tomography. When prior information is available, such as…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-27 Jacob Bringewatt , Henry Froland , Andreas Elben , Niklas Mueller

Shadow tomography aims to build a classical description of a quantum state from a sequence of simple random measurements. Physical observables are then reconstructed from the resulting classical shadow. Shadow protocols which use…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-08-14 Sumner N. Hearth , Michael O. Flynn , Anushya Chandran , Chris R. Laumann