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The framework of General Relativity (GR) has recently been expanded through the introduction of Cotton Gravity (CG), a theoretical extension proposed by J. Harada. This modified approach integrates the Cotton tensor into the gravitational…

Recently, as a generalization of general relativity, a gravity theory has been proposed in which gravitational field equations are described by the Cotton tensor. That theory allows an additional contribution to the gravitational potential…

Recently, J. Harada proposed a theory relating gravity to the Cotton tensor, dubbed as ''Cotton gravity'' (CG). This is an extension of General Relativity such that every solution of the latter turns out to be a solution of the former (but…

Harada proposed a modified theory of gravity called Cotton gravity, and argued that it successfully explains the rotation curves of $84$ galaxies without the need of dark matter. In this work we use galaxy-galaxy lensing technique to test…

As an alternative gravitational theory to General Relativity (GR), Conformal Gravity (CG) can be verified through astronomical observations. Currently, Mannheim and Kazanas have provided vacuum solutions for cosmological and local…

The "Codazzi formulation", based on a Codazzi tensor, provides a more robust and straightforward theoretical framework for "Cotton Gravity" (CG) than its original formulation in terms of the Cotton tensor. Using this formulation we provide…

In this paper we present the general spherically symmetric static solution to the vacuum equations of Cotton gravity. The obtained metric solution reveals the presence of singularities at the photosphere of a spherical source, which…

We address in this article the criticism in a recently submitted article by Clement and Noiucer (arXiv:2312.17662 [gr-qc]) on "Cotton Gravity" (CG), a gravity theory alternative to General Relativity. These authors claim that CG is "not…

Based on a mass-selected sample of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses from the SLACS, BELLS, LSD and SL2S surveys and using a well-motivated fiducial set of lens-galaxy parameters we tested the weak-field metric on kiloparsec scales…

We perform a cosmological test of Cotton gravity, which describes gravity by cotton tensor. We assume in Cotton gravity the background evolution is the same as the flat FLRW background. We derive the cosmological perturbation theory of the…

We derive Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models as non-trivial solutions of "Cotton Gravity" (CG), a recently proposed gravity theory alternative to General Relativity (GR) based on the Cotton tensor. Using an equivalent…

The recent study of the strong gravitational lens ESO 325-G004 [1] leads to a new possibility for testing General Relativity and its extensions. Such gravity lens observational studies can be instrumental for establishing a limitation on…

A key task in cosmology is to test the validity of general relativity (GR) at cosmological scales and, therefore, to distinguish between dark energy and modified gravity (MG) as the driver of the late-time cosmic acceleration. The decay…

We review and extend the Gauge Vectors-Tensor gravity: a covariant theory of gravity composed of a metric and gauge fields, leading to simple second order partial differential equations of motion, whose Newtonian and strong limits coincide…

Cotton theory (CT) introduces a higher derivative extension of General Relativity (GR) characterized by third-rank field equations. Recently, key distinctions between CT and GR concerning wave and vacuum solutions have been highlighted in…

It is shown that the Cotton tensor can describe the effects of gravity beyond general relativity. Any solution of the Einstein equations with or without the cosmological constant satisfies the field equations described by the Cotton tensor.…

Constraints on the Covariant Canonical Gauge Gravity (CCGG) theory from low-redshift cosmology are studied. The formulation extends Einstein's theory of General Relativity (GR) by a quadratic Riemann-Cartan term in the Lagrangian,…

We consider Horndeski modified gravity models obeying stability, velocity of gravitational waves $c_T$ equals $c$ and quasistatic approximation (QSA) on subhorizon scales. We assume further a $\Lambda$CDM background expansion and a…

Cotton gravity was recently introduced as a higher derivative extension of General Relativity. The field equations of the theory involve the rank-3 Cotton tensor. Here we show that all solutions of the theory, including the black holes,…

Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR) has been precisely tested on solar system scales, but extragalactic tests are still poorly performed. In this work, we use a newly compiled sample of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses to…