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Gravity is, by far, one of the scientific themes that have most piqued the curiosity of scientists and philosophers over the centuries. The history of science tells us that when the creative effort of physicists and philosophers to solve…

Physics in schools is distinctly different from, and struggles to capture the excitement of, university research-level work. Initiatives where students engage in independent research linked to cutting-edge physics within their school over…

An accurate characterization of the quark-gluon plasma requires understanding of how electromagnetic effects affect the processes mediated by the strong force. All the scenarios in which the plasma emerges, either in nature or in the…

Whereas physics in the period from about 1880 to 1910 experienced a steady growth, it was also a revolutionary period in which the foundations of the physical world picture were criticized and reconsidered. Generally speaking, from about…

In the Italian education system, secondary students (ages 14-19) face the foundations of quantum physics during the final term of scientific high school (pre-university year). The Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research…

Enrico Fermi was one of the greater physicists of the XX century. In 1934, he gave several lectures in Brazil. Invited by Theodoro Ramos to work in S\~ao Paulo, he preferred to stay in Rome and went to the USA in 1938. However, Fermi…

Jos\'e D\'iaz Bejarano (1933-2019) was born in Puebla de la Calzada (Badajoz, Spain). He studied Chemistry in the University of Seville and Physics in the University of Madrid. Later, he developed a successful research career in several…

One of the most fascinating puzzles in particle astrophysics today is that of the origin and nature of the highest energy cosmic rays. The Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO), currently under construction in Province of Mendoza, Argentina, and…

In Appendix B, there is a proposal about the Limb Effect which could be of great significance for Solar Physics. In his PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY, Cambridge University Press, 1922 (republished Dover, 2004) A. N. Whitehead, making no use of…

Throughout this book, we discuss some open problems in various branches of science, including mathematics, theoretical physics, astro-physics, geophysics etc. It is of our hope that some of the problems discussed in this book will find…

After World War II, a hyper-pragmatic paradigm was established in physics in most of the western countries, within which foundations of quantum mechanics were vastly dismissed as pointless speculations. In this paper, we show that in Italy,…

The diffusion of information plays a crucial role in a society, affecting its economy and the well-being of the population. Characterizing the diffusion process is challenging because it is highly non-stationary and varies with the media…

It is shown as experiments and theories about the nature of light led to the special theory of relativity. The most important facts for the emergence of the theory proposed by Einstein in 1905 are presented.

Classical physics has enabled the acquisition of significant knowledge of the physical properties of nature on a standard macroscopic scale. These achievements were driven by use of the causal ontological approach (proposed originally by…

Since 2006, forty students from high school are selected to attend a full immersion summer school of physics in the Pigelleto Natural Reserve, on the south east side of Mount Amiata in the province of Siena. Topics are chosen so that…

The worlds of Data Science (including big and/or federated data, machine learning, etc) and Astrophysics started merging almost two decades ago. For instance, around 2005, international initiatives such as the Virtual Observatory framework…

An account is given on the first studies on the physics of ammonia, focusing on the infrared spectra of that molecule. Relevant contributions from several authors, in the years until 1932, are pointed out, discussing also an unknown study…

Physicists engage with the public to varying degrees at different stages of their careers. However, their public engagement covers many activities, events, and audiences, making their motivations and professional development needs not well…

The purpose of this article is to contextualise the current situation of gender inequality in the Brazilian society and, in particular, in science, and to show actions that try to minimise this situation and support girls who want to become…

Traditionally, scholars in physics education research pay attention to students solving well-structured learning activities, which provide restricted room for collaboration and idea-generation due to their close-ended nature. In order to…