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Classical shadows (CS) have emerged as a powerful way to estimate many properties of quantum states based on random measurements and classical post-processing. In their original formulation, they come with optimal (or close to) sampling…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-08-13 Frederic Sauvage , Martin Larocca

Fermionic ansatz state preparation is a critical subroutine in many quantum algorithms such as Variational Quantum Eigensolver for quantum chemistry and condensed matter applications. The shallowest circuit depth needed to prepare Slater…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-08-22 Chong Hian Chee , Daniel Leykam , Adrian M. Mak , Dimitris G. Angelakis

Classical shadows are a computationally efficient approach to storing quantum states on a classical computer for the purposes of estimating expectation values of local observables, obtained by performing repeated random measurements. In…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-03 Saumya Shivam , C. W. von Keyserlingk , S. L. Sondhi

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

Estimating expectation values is a key subroutine in quantum algorithms. Near-term implementations face two major challenges: a limited number of samples required to learn a large collection of observables, and the accumulation of errors in…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-06-18 Andrew Zhao , Akimasa Miyake

Classical shadows are an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few measurements. In the paper we propose to enhance classical shadow methods using bootstrap resampling methods.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-11-18 Eric Ghysels , Jack Morgan

We propose efficient algorithms for classically simulating fermionic linear optics operations applied to non-Gaussian initial states. By gadget constructions, this provides algorithms for fermionic linear optics with non-Gaussian…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-22 Beatriz Dias , Robert Koenig

We propose a simple scheme to estimate fermionic observables and Hamiltonians relevant in quantum chemistry and correlated fermionic systems. Our approach is based on implementing a measurement that jointly measures noisy versions of any…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-07-23 Joanna Majsak , Daniel McNulty , Michał Oszmaniec

Classical shadow tomography has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems with favorable sample complexity. Standard theoretical guarantees, however, rely on the assumption that experimental…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-06 Leonardo Zambrano

Properties of quantum systems can be estimated using classical shadows, which implement measurements based on random ensembles of unitaries. Originally derived for global Clifford unitaries and products of single-qubit Clifford gates,…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-09-25 Mirko Arienzo , Markus Heinrich , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch

Accurately estimating the properties of quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum computing and quantum information. We propose a method to obtain unbiased estimators of multiple observables with low statistical error by…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-07-25 Stefano Mangini , Daniel Cavalcanti

Measuring properties of quantum systems is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics. We provide a simple method for estimating the expectation value of observables with an unknown quantum state. The idea is to use a data structure to…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-03-25 Naixu Guo , Feng Pan , Patrick Rebentrost

The classical shadows protocol, recently introduced by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)], is a quantum-classical protocol to estimate properties of an unknown quantum state. Unlike full quantum state tomography, the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-08-17 Dax Enshan Koh , Sabee Grewal

We study single-copy shadow tomography in the adversarial robust setting, where the goal is to learn the expectation values of $M$ observables $O_1, \ldots, O_M$ with $\varepsilon$ accuracy, but $\gamma$-fraction of the outcomes can be…

In this article we develop a continuous variable (CV) shadow tomography scheme with wide ranging applications in quantum optics. Our work is motivated by the increasing experimental and technological relevance of CV systems in quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-03 Simon Becker , Nilanjana Datta , Ludovico Lami , Cambyse Rouzé

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

Predicting properties of large-scale quantum systems is crucial for the development of quantum science and technology. Shadow estimation is an efficient method for this task based on randomized measurements, where many-qubit random Clifford…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-04-24 Qingyue Zhang , Qing Liu , You Zhou

Interfacing quantum and classical processors is an important subroutine in full-stack quantum algorithms. The so-called "classical shadow" method efficiently extracts essential classical information from quantum states, enabling the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-09-11 Shuowei Ma , Junyu Liu

Quantum process tomography is a powerful tool for understanding quantum channels and characterizing properties of quantum devices. Inspired by recent advances using classical shadows in quantum state tomography [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-02-12 Ryan Levy , Di Luo , Bryan K. Clark

Classical shadow tomography is a sample-efficient technique for characterizing quantum systems and predicting many of their properties. Circuit cutting is a technique for dividing large quantum circuits into smaller fragments that can be…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-21 Daniel T. Chen , Zain H. Saleem , Michael A. Perlin