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Empirical observations indicate striking similarities among locomotion in terrestrial animals, birds, and fish, but unifying physical grounds are lacking. When applied to efficient locomotion, the analytical mechanics principle of minimum…

Estimation of molecular evolutionary divergence times requires models of rate change. These vary with regard to the assumption of what quantity is penalized. The possibilities considered are the rate of evolution, the log of the rate of…

This paper presents necessary and sufficient conditions for on- and off-diagonal transition probability estimates for random walks on weighted graphs. On the integer lattice and on may fractal type graphs both the volume of a ball and the…

In this letter, the size (height and weight) of fictional characters in animations, superhero series, movies, and other media is studied. We find that the distributions of character height and weight approximately follow lognormal…

In everyday life, the process of commuting to work from home happens every now and then. And the research of commute characteristics is useful for urban function planning. For humans, the commute of an individual seems revealing no regular…

We propose a new model in order to study behaviors of self-organized system such as a group of animals. We assume that the individuals have two degrees of freedom corresponding one to their internal state and the other to their external…

Using both numerical simulations and scaling arguments, we study the behavior of a random walker on a one-dimensional small-world network. For the properties we study, we find that the random walk obeys a characteristic scaling form. These…

We record and analyze the movement patterns of the marsupial {\it Didelphis aurita} at different temporal scales. Animals trajectories are collected at a daily scale by using spool-and-line techniques, and with the help of radio-tracking…

Phase separation in binary and ternary fluids is studied using a two dimensional Lattice Gas Automata. The lengths, given by the the first zero crossing point of the correlation function and the total interface length is shown to exhibit…

Animals learn tasks requiring a sequence of actions over time. Waiting a given time before taking an action is a simple example. Mimicry is a complex example, e.g. in humans, humming a brief tune you have just heard. Re-experiencing a…

We calculate the shear relaxation times in four important simple monatomic model fluids: Lennard-Jones, Yukawa, soft-sphere and hard-sphere fluids. It is observed that in properly reduced units, the shear relaxation times exhibit…

Dimensional analysis provides many simple and useful tools for various situations in science. The objective of this paper is to investigate its relations to functions, i.e., the dimensions for functions that yield physical quantities and…

We study a heavy piston of mass $M$ that moves in one dimension. The piston separates two gas chambers, each of which contains finitely many ideal, unit mass gas particles moving in $d$ dimensions, where $ d\geq 1$. Using averaging…

Reflecting boundary conditions cause two one-dimensional random walks to synchronize if a common direction is chosen in each step. The mean synchronization time and its standard deviation are calculated analytically. Both quantities are…

The scaling properties of the roughness of surfaces grown by two different processes randomly alternating in time, are addressed. The duration of each application of the two primary processes is assumed to be independently drawn from given…

We compare face-to-face interaction data recorded by wearable sensors in various sociological environments. The interactions among individuals display a clear environment-dependent diversity in agreement with previous analyses. The contact…

A non--linear diffusion equation is derived by taking into account hopping rates depending on the occupation of next neighbouring sites. There appears additonal repulsive and attractive forces leading to a changed local mobiltiy. The…

Certain periodical cicadas exhibit life cycles with durations of 13 or 17 years, and it is now generally accepted that such large prime numbers arise evolutionarily to avoid synchrony with predators. Less well explored is the question of…

Chameleons are able to capture very large preys by projecting the tongue and retracting it once it is in contact with preys. A strong adhesion between the tongue tip and the prey is therefore required during the retraction phase to ensure a…

We propose a possible answer to one of the most exciting open questions in physics and cosmology, that is the question why we seem to experience four- dimensional space-time with three ordinary and one time dimensions. We have known for…