相关论文: Covariant phase difference observables
In the coevolving voter model, each voter has one of two diametrically opposite opinions, and a voter encountering a neighbor with the opposite opinion may either adopt it or rewire the connection to another randomly chosen voter sharing…
In a physical system, changing parameters such as temperature can induce a phase transition: an abrupt change from one state of matter to another. Analogous phenomena have recently been observed in large language models. Typically, the task…
There are considered some corollaries of certain hypotheses on the observation process of microphenomena. We show that an enlargement of the phase space and of its motion group and an account for the diffusion motions of microsystems in the…
Complex phase factors are viewed not only as redundancies of the quantum formalism but instead as remnants of unitary transformations under which the probabilistic properties of observables are invariant. It is postulated that a quantum…
In a classical Hamiltonian theory with second class constraints the phase space functions on the constraint surface are observables. We give general formulas for extended observables, which are expressions representing the observables in…
Models of period variations are basic tools for period analyzes of variable stars. We introduce phase function and instant period and formulate basic relations and equations among them. Some simple period models are also presented.
We describe all the localization observables of a quantum particle in a one-dimensional box in terms of sequences of unit vectors in a Hilbert space. An alternative representation in terms of positive semidefinite complex matrices is…
We consider the problem of change-point estimation of the instantaneous phase of an observed time series. Such change points, or phase shifts, can be markers of information transfer in complex systems; their analysis occurring in geology,…
This article primarily aims to unify the various formalisms of multivariate coefficients of variation, leveraging advanced concepts of generalized means, whether weighted or not, applied to the eigenvalues of covariance matrices. We…
In this paper, we consider the relationship between phase-type distributions and positive systems through practical examples. Phase-type distributions, commonly used in modelling dynamic systems, represent the temporal evolution of a set of…
In empirical studies, the data usually don't include all the variables of interest in an economic model. This paper shows the identification of unobserved variables in observations at the population level. When the observables are distinct…
Phase is a fundamental resource for optical imaging but cannot be directly observed with intensity measurements. The existing methods to quantify a phase distribution rely on complex devices and structures. Here we experimentally…
The reaction $p n \to d \phi$ is studied within a covariant boson exchange model. The behavior of polarization observables being accessible in forthcoming experiments near threshold is predicted.
Phase transitions with spontaneous symmetry breaking and vector order parameter are considered in multidimensional theory of general relativity. Covariant equations, describing the gravitational properties of topological defects, are…
A general scheme to seek for the relations between entanglement and bservables is proposed in principle. In two-qubit systems with enough general Hamiltonian, we find the entanglement to be the functions of observables for six kinds of…
Latent or unobserved phenomena pose a significant difficulty in data analysis as they induce complicated and confounding dependencies among a collection of observed variables. Factor analysis is a prominent multivariate statistical modeling…
Quantum entanglement can manifest itself in the narrowing of wavepackets. We define the phenomenon of phase entanglement and describe its effect on the interpretation of spatial localization experiments.
A modification of the covariant theory is proposed in which the self-energy of the system, corresponding to time-like degrees of freedom in the configuration space, preserves the classical law of change in quantum theory. As a result,…
Localized charged states and phase segregation are described in the framework of the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory of phase transitions. The Coulomb interactions determines the charge distribution and the characteristic length of…
If a given behavior of a multi-agent system restricts the phase variable to a invariant manifold, then we define a phase transition as change of physical characteristics such as speed, coordination, and structure. We define such a phase…