相关论文: Four-dimensional Matter

We define gravitational mass in asymptotically de Sitter space-times with compactified dimension. It was shown that the mass can be negative for space-time with matter spreading beyond the cosmological horizon scale or large outward…

It is shown that Euclidean electrodynamics is the exact 4-dimensional analogue of 3-dimensional magnetostatics. This concept is related to a 4-dimensional generalization of the cross product between two vectors where the only essential…

In gauge theories, the mass of a field has been regarded as a purely on-shell concept: the pole mass is gauge-invariant, but the off-shell propagator has had no gauge-invariant definition of mass. We show that renormalization defines a…

According to the theory of relativity, the 4-vector force acting on a particle is orthogonal to the 4-vector velocity of the particle, but we found that the electromagnetic force of the Maxwell's theory can not completely satisfy this…

In relativistic mechanics the energy-momentum of a free point mass moving without acceleration forms a four-vector. Einstein's celebrated energy-mass relation E=mc^2 is commonly derived from that fact. By contrast, in Newtonian mechanics…

We consider an action for an abelian gauge field for which the density is given by a power of the Maxwell Lagrangian. In d spacetime dimensions this action is shown to enjoy the conformal invariance if the power is chosen as d/4. We take…

In this paper we define a numerical shape invariant of a continuous map called shape dimension of a map, which generalizes the shape dimension of a topological space. Some basic properties and applications of this invariant are given. The…

We conclude the construction of the algebraic complex, consisting of spaces of differentials of Euclidean metric values, for four-dimensional piecewise-linear manifolds. Assuming that the complex is acyclic, we investigate how its torsion…

Quaternion quantum mechanics is examined at the level of unbroken SU(2) gauge symmetry. A general quaternionic phase expression is derived from formal properties of the quaternion algebra.

We try to understand how particles acquire mass in general, and in particular, how they acquire mass in the standard model and beyond.

The wave function $\psi$ is interpreted as charge density, or charge distribution, at each point in space. This is a physical interpretation of $\psi$. The notion of speed can be associated with $\psi$, which leads to the concept of…

For more than half a century, moments have attracted lot ot interest in the pattern recognition community.The moments of a distribution (an object) provide several of its characteristics as center of gravity, orientation, disparity, volume.…

This is a survey of the twistor lifts of surfaces in $4$-dimensional spaces. In most part of this survey, the space is Euclidean $4$-space $E^4$. The definitions of the Gauss maps and the twistor lifts of surfaces in $E^4$ are given by…

The Maxwell theory on non-commutative spaces has been considered. The non-linear equations of electromagnetic fields on non-commutative spaces were obtained in the compact spin-tensor (quaternion) form. It was shown that the plane…

We quantize the massless p-form field that obeys the generalized Maxwell field equations in curved spacetimes of dimension n > 1. We begin by showing that the classical Cauchy problem of the generalized Maxwell field is well posed and that…

We study the cosmological aspects of a noncommutative, multidimensional universe where the matter source is assumed to be a scalar field which does not commute with the internal scale factor. We show that such noncommutativity results in…

In two spatial dimensions, spin characterizes how particle states re-phase under changes of frame that leave their momentum and energy invariant. Massless particles can in principle have non-trivial spin in this sense, but all existing…

The paper aims to adopt the complex quaternion and octonion to formulate the field equations for electromagnetic and gravitational fields. Applying the octonionic representation enables one single definition to combine some physics contents…

We make an estimation of the mass of the universe by considering the behavior of a very special test particle when described both by using the Newtonian mechanics as well through a scalar field theory of the Yukawa kind. Naturally, Hubble's…

We consider cosmological model in 4+1 dimensions with variable scale factor in extra dimension and static external space. The time scale factor is changing. Variations of light velocity, gravity constant, mass and pressure are determined…