相关论文: An Introduction to Virtual Spatial Graph Theory
A speculative overview of a future topic of research. The paper is a collection of ideas concerning two related areas: 1) Graph computation machines ("computing with graphs"). This is the class of models of computation in which the state of…
We construct various functorial maps (projections) from virtual knots to classical knots. These maps are defined on diagrams of virtual knots; in terms of Gauss diagram each of them can be represented as a deletion of some chords. The…
We develop a purely combinatorial framework for the systematic enumeration of knot and link diagrams supported on the thickened torus $T^2\times I$. Using the theory of maps on surfaces, cellular $4$--regular torus projections are encoded…
In this paper we introduce a new invariant of virtual knots and links that is non-trivial for infinitely many virtuals, but is trivial on classical knots and links. The invariant is initially be expressed in terms of a relative of the…
This book collects the lectures about graph theory and its applications which were given to students of mathematical departments of Moscow State University and Peking University. Graph theory is a very wide field with a lot of applications…
Two categorifications are given for the arrow polynomial, an extension of the Kauffman bracket polynomial for virtual knots. The arrow polynomial extends the bracket polynomial to infinitely many variables, each variable corresponding to an…
We define new notions of groups of virtual and welded knots (or links) and we study their relations with other invariants, in particular the Kauffman group of a virtual knot.
A powerful way to study groups is via their actions on suitable spaces. Classifying spaces for families of subgroups are a type of these spaces, obtained by imposing some strict conditions on the fixed-point sets. We show how in the…
A broader definition of generalized truncations of graphs is introduced followed by an exploration of some standard concepts and parameters with regard to generalized truncations.
In this paper, we describe {\sc quantitative graph theory} and argue it is a new graph-theoretical branch in network science, however, with significant different features compared to classical graph theory. The main goal of quantitative…
Multicrossings, which have previously been defined for classical knots and links, are extended to virtual knots and links. In particular, petal diagrams are shown to exist for all virtual knots.
In this paper, we introduce \textit{graph-pretzel links}, a generalization of classical pretzel links based on spatial graph projections. As our main result, we investigate a subfamily associated with the complete graph on four vertices to…
This paper employs various computational techniques to determine the bridge numbers of both classical and virtual knots. For classical knots, there is no ambiguity of what the bridge number means. For virtual knots, there are multiple…
This paper proposes the definition of a quantum knot as a linear superposition of classical knots in three dimensional space. The definition is constructed and examples are discussed. Then the paper details extensions and also limitations…
Knots are deeply entangled with every branch of science. One of the biggest open challenges in knot theory is to formalise a knot invariant that can unambiguously and efficiently distinguish any two knotted curves. Additionally, the…
We construct a map from knots to (abstract) 2-knots which can be extended to higher dimensions; this map is the natural "knot" counterpart for "braid" theory of groups $G_{n}^{k}$.
Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the most widely adopted model in graph-structured data oriented learning and representation. Despite their extraordinary success in real-world applications, understanding their working mechanism by theory is…
A virtual string is a scheme of self-intersections of a closed curve on a surface. We study algebraic invariants of strings as well as two equivalence relations on the set of strings: homotopy and cobordism. We show that the homotopy…
We study here global and local entanglements of open protein chains by implementing the concept of knotoids. Knotoids have been introduced in 2012 by Vladimir Turaev as a generalization of knots in 3-dimensional space. More precisely,…
Both classical and virtual knots arise as formal Gauss diagrams modulo some abstract moves corresponding to Reidemeister moves. If we forget about both over/under crossings structure and writhe numbers of knots modulo the same Reidemeister…