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An important component of Ap\'ery's proof that $\zeta (3)$ is irrational involves representing $\zeta (3)$ as the limit of the quotient of two rational solutions to a three-term recurrence. We present various approaches to such Ap\'ery…
We use elementary methods to establish three key recurrence relations: one for derangement numbers, a second for harmonic numbers, and a third for degenerate harmonic numbers. Our results not only contribute to the understanding of the…
This survey text deals with irrationality, and linear independence over the rationals, of values at positive odd integers of Riemann zeta function. The first section gives all known proofs (and connections between them) of Ap\'ery's Theorem…
New (infinitely many) rational approximants to \zeta(3) proving its irrationality are given. The recurrence relations for the numerator and denominator of these approximants as well as their continued fraction expansions are obtained. A…
The Ap\'ery numbers may be defined by a cubic three-term recurrence relation, that is, a three-term relation where the coefficients are polynomials in the index of degree $3$. In this work, we first provide a systematic review of Ap\'ery…
Finding unambiguous diagrammatic representations for first-order logical formulas and relational queries with arbitrarily nested disjunctions has been a surprisingly long-standing unsolved problem. We refer to this problem as the…
In 1978, Apery has given sequences of rational approximations to $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$ yielding the irrationality of each of these numbers. One of the key ingredient of Apery's proof are second-order difference equations with polynomial…
In the standard perturbation theory (SPT) of self-gravitating Newtonian fluid in an expanding universe, recurrence relations for higher-order solutions are well known and play an important role both in practical applications and in…
Non-linear recurrences which generate integers in a surprising way have been studied by many people. Typically people study recurrences that are linear in the highest order term. In this paper I consider what happens when the recurrence is…
Recursive formulas are derived for the number of solutions of linear and quadratic Diophantine equations with positive coefficients. This result is further extended to general non-linear additive Diophantine equations. It is shown that all…
It is known that difference equations generated as the Newton-Raphson iteration for quadratic equations are solvable in closed form, and the solution can be constructed from linear three-term recurrence relations with constant coefficients.…
Power series in which the summand satisfies a linear recurrence relation with polynomial coefficients are shown to be the solution of a linear differential or algebraic equation. Solving the associated differential or algebraic equation…
A general hypergeometric construction of linear forms in (odd) zeta values is presented. The construction allows to recover the records of Rhin and Viola for the irrationality measures of $\zeta(2)$ and $\zeta(3)$, as well as to explain…
It is known that the numbers which occur in Apery's proof of the irrationality of zeta(2) have many interesting congruence properties while the associated generating function satisfies a second order differential equation. We prove…
In this note, we prove the irrationality of $\zeta(5)$ and generalize the method to prove the irrationality of all higher odd zeta values. Our proof relies on the method of contradiction, existence of solution of a system of Linear…
Second order recurrence relations of real numbers arise form various applications in discrete time dynamical systems as well as in the context on Markov chains. Solutions to the recurrence relations are fully defined by the first two…
We show that, if an integer sequence is given by a linear recurrence of constant rational coefficients, then it can be represented as the difference of two arithmetic terms with exponentiation, which do not contain any irrational constant.…
In this paper we firstly review how to \textit{explicitly} solve a system of $3$ \textit{first-order linear recursions }and outline the main properties of these solutions. Next, via a change of variables, we identify a class of systems of…
The history of linear differential equations is over 350 years. By using Frobenius method and putting the power series expansion into linear differential equations, the recursive relation of coefficients starts to appear. There can be…
The correspondence between right triangles with rational sides, triplets of rational squares in arithmetic succession and integral solutions of certain quadratic forms is well known. We show how this correspondence can be extended to the…