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A potential between mesons is extracted from 4-point functions within lattice gauge theory taking 2+1 dimensional QED as an example. This theory possesses confinement and dynamical fermions. The resulting meson-meson potential has a…

Considering two static, electrically charged, elementary particles, we demonstrate a possible way of proving that all known fundamental forces in the nature are the manifestations of the single, unique interaction. We re-define the gauging…

Strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces were unified in the Standard Model (SM) with spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking. These forces were further conjectured to be unified in a simple Lie group gauge interaction in the Grand Unification…

It is illustrated that quantum nucleardynamics (QND) as an SU(2)_N x U(1)_Z gauge theory, which is generated from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as an SU(3)_C gauge theory through dynamical spontaneous symmetry breaking, successfully…

In this paper we calculate the magnetic and electric self-forces, induced by the conical structure of a cosmic string space-time, on a long straight wire which presents either a constant current or a linear charge density. We also show how…

A natural calculus for describing the bound-state structure of relativistic composite systems in quantum field theory is the light-front Fock expansion which encodes the properties of a hadrons in terms of a set of frame-independent…

Electromagnetism is at the heart of the Standard Model, but despite all the successes of modern theory, our basic description of light traveling in free space remains unsatisfactory. The four bosons that compose light are introduced in a…

In this letter, we derive the interaction energy and the force between two parallel metal plates, arising from quantum vacuum fluctuations when they are very close to each other. We consider the vacuum to be composed of a meson field. In…

We argue that, in a theory of quantum gravity, the gauge coupling and the confinement scale of a gauge theory are related to distance in the space of metric configurations, and in turn to the cosmological constant. To support the argument,…

A constraint correlation dynamics up to 4-point Green functions is proposed for SU(N) gauge theories which reduces the N-body quantum field problem to the two-body level. The resulting set of nonlinear coupled equations fulfills all…

"Physical theories of fundamental significance tend to be gauge theories. These are theories in which the physical system being dealt with is described by more variables than there are physically independent degree of freedom. The…

We show that the confining property of the one-gluon propagator, in Coulomb gauge, is linked to the unbroken realization of a remnant gauge symmetry which exists in this gauge. An order parameter for the remnant gauge symmetry is…

Laboratory experiments on gravitation are usually performed with objects of constant density, so that the analysis of the forces concerns only the geometry of their shape. In an ideal experiment, the shapes of the constituent parts will be…

In this work the determination of low-energy bound states in Quantum Chromodynamics is recast so that it is linked to a weak-coupling problem. This allows one to approach the solution with the same techniques which solve Quantum…

It was conjectured some time ago that an effective description of the Coulomb-confinement transition in compact U(1) lattice gauge field theory could be described by scalar QED obtained by soft breaking of the N=2 Seiberg-Witten model down…

The canonical quantization is performed at a light-front surface for the SU(N) Yang-Mills theory. The Weyl gauge is imposed as a gauge condition. The suitable parameterization is chosen for the transverse gauge field components in order to…

In this article we present exact calculations that substantiate a clear picture relating the confining force of QCD to the zero-modes of the Faddeev-Popov (FP) operator $\mathcal{M}(A) = - \partial \cdot D(A)$. This is done in two steps.…

The static forces between electric charges and currents are modified at the loop level by the presence of a plasma. While electric charges are screened, currents are not. The effective coupling constant at long distances is enhanced in both…

We propose a realistic theory based on the $\mathrm{SU(3)_c \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes SU(3)_R \otimes U(1)_{X}}$ gauge group which requires the number of families to match the number of colors. In the simplest realization neutrino masses…

Gauge invariance, a core principle in electrodynamics, has two separate meanings. One concept treats the photon as the gauge particle for electrodynamics. It is based on symmetries of the Lagrangian, and requires no mention of electric or…