相关论文: Why the Very High Multiplicity events are rare

Far too often are multiparticle final states studied and models tested on merely single-particle spectra and their integrals, the average multiplicities: A multiparticle final state is a non-linear, complex system and the essential…

In many complex systems, large events are believed to follow power-law, scale-free probability distributions, so that the extreme, catastrophic events are unpredictable. Here, we study coupled chaotic oscillators that display extreme…

Rare events are processes that occur upon the emergence of unlikely fluctuations. Unlike what their name suggests, rare events are fairly ubiquitous in nature, as the occurrence of many structural transformations in biology and material…

Some risks have extremely high stakes. For example, a worldwide pandemic or asteroid impact could potentially kill more than a billion people. Comfortingly, scientific calculations often put very low probabilities on the occurrence of such…

We point out that the functional form describing the frequency of sizes of events in complex systems (e.g. earthquakes, forest fires, bursts of neuronal activity) can be obtained from maximal likelihood inference, which, remarkably, only…

This paper discusses experiments with single-particle systems, some of whose states appear to be entangled. It shows that the interpretation of the experiments in terms of entanglement is ill-defined. Three forms of ambiguity are discussed.…

Multiplicity distributions exhibit, after closer inspection, peculiarly enhanced void probability and oscillatory behavior of the modified combinants. We discuss the possible sources of these oscillations and their impact on our…

Preliminary remarks, theoretical scenarios, cosmological constraints, couplings of very heavy neutrinos, production mechanisms and detection, summary.

For chaotic systems there is a theory for the decay of the survival probability, and for the parametric dependence of the local density of states. This theory leads to the distinction between "perturbative" and "non-perturbative" regimes,…

We have studied both clusters and bulk systems while investigating amorphous states. We have varied the nature of interaction amongst the particles of the system under consideration in order to reveal the possible presence of universality…

In this brief paper the probability density of a random real, complex and quaternion determinant is rederived using singular values. The behaviour of suitably rescaled random determinants is studied in the limit of infinite order of the…

We consider control of reaction and population systems by deterministically imposed transitions between the states with different numbers of particles or individuals. Even where the imposed transitions are significantly less frequent than…

It is shown using Monte Carlo simulation that for low multiplicity events the single-event factorial moments are saturated by the statistical fluctuations. The diverse of the event-space moments $C_{p,q}$ of single-event moments with the…

Particle splitting methods are considered for the estimation of rare events. The probability of interest is that a Markov process first enters a set $B$ before another set $A$, and it is assumed that this probability satisfies a large…

Several theoretical results concerning event-by-event fluctuations are discussed: (1) a role of the global conservation laws and concept of statistical ensembles; (2) strongly intensive measures are introduced; they give a possibility to…

Since nine years experiments have been observing a host of exotic states decaying into heavy quarkonia. The interpretation of most of them still remains uncertain and, in some cases, controversial, notwithstanding a considerable progress…

The holomorphy of the superpotential along with symmetries gives very strong constraints on any stringy non-perturbative effects. This observation suggests an approach to string phenomenology. (Presented at ``Strings 95'', March 1995.

Markov decision processes model systems subject to nondeterministic and probabilistic uncertainty. A plethora of verification techniques addresses variations of reachability properties, such as: Is there a scheduler resolving the…

The possibility to study intermittency in a single event of high multiplicity is investigated in the framework of the $\alpha-$model. It is found that, for cascade long enough, the dispersion of intermittency exponents obtained from…

Extreme events are by nature rare and difficult to predict, yet are often much more important than frequent, typical events. An interesting counterpoint to the prediction of such events is their retrodiction -- given a process in an outlier…