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This paper describes a new algorithm for decision making in two-player real-time video games. As with Monte Carlo Tree Search, the algorithm can be used without heuristics and has been developed for use in general video game AI. The…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2016-07-07 Jialin Liu , Diego Pérez-Liébana , Simon M. Lucas

The exploration-exploitation (EE) trade-off is a central challenge in reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models (LLMs). With Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), training tends to be exploitation driven: entropy decreases…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Zhaochun Li , Chen Wang , Jionghao Bai , Shisheng Cui , Ge Lan , Zhou Zhao , Yue Wang

Mean Field Games (MFGs) offer a powerful framework for studying large-scale multi-agent systems. Yet, learning Nash equilibria in MFGs remains a challenging problem, particularly when the initial distribution is unknown or when the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-04 Zida Wu , Mathieu Lauriere , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Ankur Mehta

Equilibrium learning in adversarial games is an important topic widely examined in the fields of game theory and reinforcement learning (RL). Pursuit-evasion game (PEG), as an important class of real-world games from the fields of robotics…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-15 Runyu Lu , Peng Zhang , Ruochuan Shi , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao , Yang Liu , Dong Wang , Cesare Alippi

In many real-world large-scale decision problems, self-interested agents have individual dynamics and optimize their own long-term payoffs. Important examples include the competitive access to shared resources (e.g., roads, energy, or…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2024-06-05 Ezzat Elokda , Saverio Bolognani , Andrea Censi , Florian Dörfler , Emilio Frazzoli

The recent remarkable progress of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) stands on regularization of policy for stable and efficient learning. A popular method, named proximal policy optimization (PPO), has been introduced for this purpose. PPO…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-07-04 Taisuke Kobayashi

Competitive multi-agent reinforcement learning in imperfect-information games requires agents to act under partial observability and against adversarial opponents, necessitating stochastic policies. While self-play reinforcement learning…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-20 Zhiyuan Fan , Gabriele Farina

We study a two-player discounted zero-sum stochastic game model for dynamic operational planning in military campaigns. At each stage, the players manage multiple commanders who order military actions on objectives that have an open line of…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2024-03-04 Joseph E. McCarthy , Mathieu Dahan , Chelsea C. White

Model-free reinforcement learning algorithms have seen remarkable progress, but key challenges remain. Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) is known for ensuring monotonic policy improvement through conservative updates within a trust…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-29 Zhengpeng Xie , Qiang Zhang , Fan Yang , Marco Hutter , Renjing Xu

This work proposes a policy learning algorithm for seeking generalised feedback Nash equilibria (GFNE) in $N_P$-player noncooperative dynamic games. We consider linear-quadratic games with stochastic dynamics and design a best-response…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-06-13 Otacilio B. L. Neto , Michela Mulas , Francesco Corona

We address two-player general-sum stochastic Stackelberg games (SSGs), where the leader's policy is optimized considering the best-response follower whose policy is optimal for its reward under the leader. Existing policy gradient and value…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2026-03-17 Mikoto Kudo , Youhei Akimoto

Using semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices, the profile evolutionary equation (PEE) for repeated finite games is obtained. By virtue of PEE, the zero-determinant (ZD) strategies are developed for general finite games. A formula is then…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2023-11-14 Daizhan Cheng , Changxi Li

Several multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have been proposed to optimize agents decisions. Due to the complexity of the problem, the majority of the previously developed MARL algorithms assumed agents either had some…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2014-01-16 Sherief Abdallah , Victor Lesser

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is widely used in task-oriented dialogue systems to optimize dialogue policy, but it struggles to balance exploration and exploitation due to the high dimensionality of state and action spaces. This…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-06 Yangyang Zhao , Ben Niu , Libo Qin , Shihan Wang

Security games model strategic interactions in adversarial real-world applications. Such applications often involve extremely large but highly structured strategy sets (e.g., selecting a distribution over all patrol routes in a given…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2025-04-22 Jakub Černý , Chun Kai Ling , Christian Kroer , Garud Iyengar

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a search algorithm based on stochastic and population-based adaptive optimization. In this paper, a pathfinding strategy is proposed to improve the efficiency of path planning for a broad range of…

神经与进化计算 · 计算机科学 2022-06-24 David , Budi Adiperdana

We introduce MetaDOAR, a lightweight meta-controller that augments the Double Oracle / PSRO paradigm with a learned, partition-aware filtering layer and Q-value caching to enable scalable multi-agent reinforcement learning on very large…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-18 Michael Lanier , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

We study reinforcement learning for two-player zero-sum Markov games with simultaneous moves in the finite-horizon setting, where the transition kernel of the underlying Markov games can be parameterized by a linear function over the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-04-21 Zixiang Chen , Dongruo Zhou , Quanquan Gu

Existing language agents often encounter difficulties in dynamic adversarial games due to poor strategic reasoning. To mitigate this limitation, a promising approach is to allow agents to learn from game interactions automatically, without…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Yikai Zhang , Ye Rong , Siyu Yuan , Jiangjie Chen , Jian Xie , Yanghua Xiao

Proficient game agents with diverse play styles enrich the gaming experience and enhance the replay value of games. However, recent advancements in game AI based on reinforcement learning have predominantly focused on improving proficiency,…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-09-23 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yongyi Wang , Wenxin Li