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Measuring dependence between two events, or equivalently between two binary random variables, amounts to expressing the dependence structure inherent in a $2\times 2$ contingency table in a real number between $-1$ and $1$. Countless such…

A fundamental assumption of classical hypothesis testing is that the significance threshold $\alpha$ is chosen independently from the data. The validity of confidence intervals likewise relies on choosing $\alpha$ beforehand. We point out…

This paper focuses on block likelihood estimation for geostatistical data, a method that balances statistical accuracy and computational efficiency. Central to this approach is the choice of block size, which can significantly impact…

In this paper, we demonstrate a purely Bayesian approach for estimating within-group and between-group effect sizes for learning outcomes encountered in educational research, taking naturally into account the multilevel structure of the…

Difference-in-differences is one of the most used identification strategies in empirical work in economics. This chapter reviews a number of important, recent developments related to difference-in-differences. First, this chapter reviews…

In many biological applications, the primary objective of study is to quantify the magnitude of treatment effect between two groups. Cohens'd or strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD) can be used to measure effect size however, it is…

A popular approach to significance testing proposes to decide whether the given hypothesized statistical model is likely to be true (or false). Statistical decision theory provides a basis for this approach by requiring every significance…

In the era of fast-paced precision medicine, observational studies play a major role in properly evaluating new treatments in clinical practice. Yet, unobserved confounding can significantly compromise causal conclusions drawn from…

We study the excess minimum risk in statistical inference, defined as the difference between the minimum expected loss in estimating a random variable from an observed feature vector and the minimum expected loss in estimating the same…

We introduce estimation and test procedures through divergence minimiza- tion for models satisfying linear constraints with unknown parameter. These procedures extend the empirical likelihood (EL) method and share common features with…

A new method based on the rejection sampling for finding statistical tests is proposed. This method is conceptually intuitive, easy to implement, and applicable for arbitrary dimension. To illustrate its potential applicability, three…

The search for new significant peaks over a energy spectrum often involves a statistical multiple hypothesis testing problem. Separate tests of hypothesis are conducted at different locations producing an ensemble of local p-values, the…

Null hypothesis statistical significance testing (NHST) is the dominant approach for evaluating results from randomized controlled trials. Whereas NHST comes with long-run error rate guarantees, its main inferential tool -- the $p$-value --…

The ISI-Impact Factors suffer from a number of drawbacks, among them the statistics-why should one use the mean and not the median?-and the incomparability among fields of science because of systematic differences in citation behavior among…

Effect size estimates are thought to capture the collective, two-way response to an intervention or exposure in a three-way problem among the intervention/exposure, various confounders and the outcome. For meaningful causal inference from…

The purpose of this project was to collect and analyse data about the comparability and real-life applicability of published results focusing on Microsoft Windows malware, more specifically the impact of dataset size and testing dataset…

Easy-to-interpret effect estimands are highly desirable in survival analysis. In the competing risks framework, one good candidate is the restricted mean time lost (RMTL). It is defined as the area under the cumulative incidence function up…

Power-law distributions occur in wide variety of physical, biological, and social phenomena. In this paper, we propose a statistical hypothesis test based on the log-likelihood ratio to assess whether two samples of discrete data are drawn…

Testing differences between a treatment and control group is common practice in biomedical research like randomized controlled trials (RCT). The standard two-sample t-test relies on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) via p-values,…

When designing experimental studies with human participants, experimenters must decide how many trials each participant will complete, as well as how many participants to test. Most discussion of statistical power (the ability of a study…