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Cosmological time dilation (CTD) serves as a fundamental probe of cosmic expansion, historically verified through the characteristic (1+z) broadening of Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) light curves. However, significant tensions arise when…

The Generalized Cosmological Time (GCT) framework interprets the observed time dilation in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) as a manifestation of a generalized lapse function in the background metric, favoring a parameter value b \approx 0.04.…

The generalized second law (GSL) of black hole thermodynamics asserts the monotonic increase of the generalized entropy combining the black hole area and the entropy of quantum fields outside the horizon. Modern proofs of the GSL rely on…

The aim of this paper is to study the local and the global thermodynamic properties of the 3-dimensional rotating Gauss-Bonnet black hole. To this end we consider the conditions for local and global thermodynamic stability of the solution…

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of spherically symmetric, static black hole solutions within the framework of Conformal Killing Gravity (CKG). This is a modified theory of gravity that retains all solutions of…

In this work, we re-assess a class of black hole solutions in a global monopole spacetime in the framework of an $f(R)$-gravity model. Our main line of investigation consists in considering a region close enough to the black hole, but such…

In black hole physics, the second law of thermodynamics is generally valid whether the black hole is a static or a non-static one. Considering the universe as a thermodynamical system the second law of black hole dynamics extends to the…

On the basis of horizon thermodynamics we study the thermodynamic stability of black holes constructed in general relativity and Gauss-Bonnet gravity. In the framework of horizon thermodynamics there are only five thermodynamic variables…

Here we apply the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (GSL) to black holes accreting and emitting in the present Universe and derive upper limits on the variation in the gravitational constant G. The limits depend on how the…

We explore the impact of the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) on the thermodynamics of five-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) black holes. A modified mass-temperature relation is derived under the assumption of local…

Through an illuminating thought experiment we demonstrate that the nonsingular "continued collapse" picture of a black hole is the only consistent and physical one. We provide a class exact solutions on the boundary of the space of physical…

We investigated a modified Frolov black hole (BH) model that incorporates both a global monopole (GM) and a cosmic string (CS) to explore the interplay between non-singular BH regularization and topological defect effects. In our study, we…

We study thermodynamic properties and phase structures of topological black holes in Einstein theory with a Gauss-Bonnet term and a negative cosmological constant. The event horizon of these topological black holes can be a hypersurface…

This study probes spacetime solutions within Einstein-Bumblebee gravity, a modified gravitational framework incorporating spontaneous Lorentz symmetry violation through a vector field mechanism. By introducing a cosmological constant into…

When the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is modified, ambiguity often arises concerning whether the Hawking temperature or the thermodynamic mass should be modified. The common practice, however, is to keep the black hole solution the same as…

We propose a quantum version of a gedanken experiment which supports the generalized second law of black hole thermodynamics. A quantum measurement of particles in the region outside of the event horizon decreases the entropy of the outside…

The present work deals with a detailed study of universal thermodynamics in different modified gravity theories. The validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) and thermodynamical equilibrium (TE) of the Universe…

In the context of the new standard LambdaCDM cosmology we resolve conflicts in the literature regarding fundamental aspects of the expansion of the universe and cosmic horizons and we link these concepts to observational tests. We derive…

We study the thermodynamic properties associated with black hole horizon and cosmological horizon for the Gauss-Bonnet solution in de Sitter space. When the Gauss-Bonnet coefficient is positive, a locally stable small black hole appears in…

The thermodynamic inconsistency observed in regular black holes is resolved through the framework of reduced thermodynamic phase spaces. We demonstrate that regular black holes are essentially induced from singular black holes by adding an…