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The surface code is unarguably the leading quantum error correction code for 2-D nearest neighbor architectures, featuring a high threshold error rate of approximately 1%, low overhead implementations of the entire Clifford group, and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2012-05-03 Austin G. Fowler , Adam C. Whiteside , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

In this paper, we explore the relationship between the width of a qubit lattice constrained in one dimension and physical thresholds for scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation. To circumvent the traditionally low thresholds of small…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-12-15 Alexis T. E. Shaw , Michael J. Bremner , Alexandru Paler , Daniel Herr , Simon J. Devitt

Facilitating the ability to achieve logical qubit error rates below physical qubit error rates, error correction is anticipated to play an important role in scaling quantum computers. While many algorithms require millions of physical…

Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) play a crucial role in enhancing the robustness of quantum computing and communication systems against errors. Within the realm of QECCs, stabilizer codes, and specifically graph codes, stand out for…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-03-29 Zipeng Wu , Song Cheng , Bei Zeng

Quantum computers have the potential to change the way we solve computational problems. Due to the noisy nature of qubits, the need arises to correct physical errors occurring during computation. The surface code is a promising candidate…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-06 Gyorgy P. Geher , Ophelia Crawford , Earl T. Campbell

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers to fault tolerance. Small, low-noise quantum processors connected through relatively noisy quantum links are capable of fault-tolerant operation as long as the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-10-16 Trond Hjerpekjøn Haug , Timo Hillmann , Anton Frisk Kockum , Raphaël Van Laer

Topological quantum error correction is a milestone in the scaling roadmap of quantum computers, which targets circuits with trillions of gates that would allow running quantum algorithms for real-world problems. The square-lattice surface…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-02-12 César Benito , Esperanza López , Borja Peropadre , Alejandro Bermudez

The ZX-calculus is a universal graphical language for qubit quantum computation, meaning that every linear map between qubits can be expressed in the ZX-calculus. Furthermore, it is a complete graphical rewrite system: any equation…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-08-22 Boldizsár Poór , Quanlong Wang , Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Richie Yeung , Bob Coecke

The ZX-calculus is an intuitive but also mathematically strict graphical language for quantum computing, which is especially powerful for the framework of quantum circuits. Completeness of the ZX-calculus means any equality of matrices with…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-18 Quanlong Wang

We propose a quantum programming language that generalizes the $\lambda$-calculus. The language is non-linear; duplicated variables denote, not cloning of quantum data, but sharing a qubit's state; that is, producing an entangled pair of…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-03-31 Nicklas Botö , Fabian Forslund

We present a new graphical calculus that is sound and complete for a universal family of quantum circuits, which can be seen as the natural string-diagrammatic extension of the approximately (real-valued) universal family of Hadamard+CCZ…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-01-30 Miriam Backens , Aleks Kissinger

Runtime optimization of the quantum computing within a given computational resource is important to achieve practical quantum advantage. In this paper, we propose a runtime reduction protocol for the lattice surgery, which utilizes the soft…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-10-27 Yutaro Akahoshi , Riki Toshio , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum code surgery is a flexible and low overhead technique for performing logical measurements on quantum error-correcting codes, which generalises lattice surgery. In this work, we present a code surgery scheme, applicable to any qubit…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-12 Alexander Cowtan , Zhiyang He , Dominic J. Williamson , Theodore J. Yoder

ZX-calculus is a high-level graphical formalism for qubit computation. In this paper we give the ZX-rules that enable one to derive all equations between 2-qubit Clifford+T quantum circuits. Our rule set is only a small extension of the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-06-13 Bob Coecke , Quanlong Wang

ZX-calculus is graphical language for quantum computing which usually focuses on qubits. In this paper, we generalise qubit ZX-calculus to qudit ZX-calculus in any finite dimension by introducing suitable generators, especially a carefully…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-09-20 Quanlong Wang

Resource consumption of the conventional surface code is expensive, in part due to the need to separate the defects that create the logical qubit far apart on the physical qubit lattice. We propose that instantiating the deformation-based…

量子物理 · 物理学 2017-01-25 Shota Nagayama , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter

Toward the large-scale, practical realization of quantum computing, quantum error correction is essential. Among various quantum error-correcting codes, the surface code stands out as a leading candidate, and lattice surgery based on…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-04-17 Chenghong Zhu , Xian Wu , Jiahan Chen , Keming He , Junjie Wu , Xin Wang , Lingling Lao

Fault-tolerant quantum computers, with error correction implemented using topological codes, will most likely require lattice surgery protocols in order to implement a universal gate set. Timelike failures during lattice surgery protocols…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-10-31 Prithviraj Prabhu , Christopher Chamberland

A central challenge for the scaling of quantum computing systems is the need to control all qubits in the system without a large overhead. A solution for this problem in classical computing comes in the form of so called crossbar…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-03-28 Jonas Helsen , Mark Steudtner , Menno Veldhorst , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum computations are easily represented in the graphical notation known as the ZX-calculus, a.k.a. the red-green calculus. We demonstrate its use in reasoning about measurement-based quantum computing, where the graphical syntax…

量子物理 · 物理学 2012-03-29 Ross Duncan