相关论文: Convergence and Divergence of Mersenne Variations …

The $3x+k$ function $T_{k}(n)$ sends $n$ to $(3n+k)/2$ resp. $n/2,$ according as $n$ is odd, resp. even, where $k \equiv \pm 1~(\bmod \, 6)$. The map $T_k(\cdot)$ sends integers to integers, and for $m \ge 1$ let $n \rightarrow m$ mean that…

We introduce an explicit logarithmic transformation $T(x) = \{\log_6(x + 1/5)\}$ under which the Collatz map becomes a rigid circle rotation by the irrational angle \(\alpha = \log_6 3\), perturbed by a uniformly bounded error term. We…

The Augmented Lagrangian Method as an approach for regularizing inverse problems received much attention recently, e.g. under the name Bregman iteration in imaging. This work shows convergence (rates) for this method when Morozov's…

In 1995, Meinardus & Berg presented a reformulation of the Collatz Conjecture in terms of a functional equation in a single complex variable over the open unit disk. This paper generalizes that method to deal with not only a large class of…

Consider a finite positive integer. If it is even, divide it by 2, and if it is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. This will give you a new integer. Following the procedure for the new integer, you will receive another integer. Repeat the…

The history of linear differential equations is over 350 years. By using Frobenius method and putting the power series expansion into linear differential equations, the recursive relation of coefficients starts to appear. There can be…

In this paper we have chosen to work with two different approaches to solving the inverse problem of the calculus of variation. The first approach is based on an integral representation of the Lagrangian function that uses the first…

The three gap theorem (or Steinhaus conjecture) asserts that there are at most three distinct gap lengths in the fractional parts of the sequence $\alpha,2\alpha,\ldots,N\alpha$, for any integer $N$ and real number $\alpha$. This statement…

This paper explores special conditions on the starting value of a Collatz sequence which imply that the Collatz conjecture is true. This is the result of the collaboration of a retired mathematics professor (Koelzer) and a retired physics…

By using properties of Markov homogeneous chains and Banach measure in $\mathrm{N}$, it is proved that a relative frequency of even numbers in the sequence of $n$-th coordinates of all Collatz sequences is equal to the number…

The $3+1$ formalism provides a structured approach to analyzing spacetime by separating it into spatial and temporal components. When applied to the Robertson-Walker metric, it simplifies the analysis of cosmological evolution by dividing…

We show that for any sequence $f: {\bf N} \to \{-1,+1\}$ taking values in $\{-1,+1\}$, the discrepancy $$ \sup_{n,d \in {\bf N}} \left|\sum_{j=1}^n f(jd)\right| $$ of $f$ is infinite. This answers a question of Erd\H{o}s. In fact the…

Halbeisen and Hungerbuhler determined optimal bounds for the length of rational Collatz cycles. Their methods are extended to $3n+c$ cycles. Another sequence having properties similar to those of Riemann zeta function zeros is introduced.

The nonstandard Lagrangian representations of Ricatti and Riccati-type equations that exist in the literature cannot be obtained using Helmholtz solution of the inverse problem. In this work we consider Riccati and higher-order Riccati…

In the present article we introduce three new notions which are called Gaussian Mersenne Lucas numbers, Mersenne Lucas polynomials and Gaussian Mersenne Lucas polynomials. We present and prove our exciting properties and results of them…

We investigate the value function of the Bolza problem of the Calculus of Variations $$ V (t,x)=\inf \{\int_{0}^{t} L (y(s),y'(s))ds + \phi(y(t)) : y \in W^{1,1} (0,t; R^n) ; y(0)=x \}, $$ with a lower semicontinuous Lagrangian $L$ and a…

In an attempt to look for the root of nonstandard Lagrangians in the theories of the inverse variational problem we introduce a logarithmic Lagrangian (LL) in addition to the so-called reciprocal Lagrangian (RL) that exists in the…

Dirac algorithm allows to construct Hamiltonian systems for singular systems, and so contributing to its successful quantization. A drawback of this method is that the resulting quantized theory does not have manifest Lorentz invariance.…

Pairs of consecutive integers have the same height in the Collatz problem with surprising frequency. Garner gave a conjectural family of conditions for exactly when this occurs. Our main result is an infinite family of counterexamples to…

The inverse problem of the calculus of variations consists in determining if the solutions of a given system of second order differential equations correspond with the solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations for some regular Lagrangian.…