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People enjoy encounters with generative software, but rarely are they encouraged to interact with, understand or engage with it. In this paper we define the term 'PCG-based game', and explain how this concept follows on from the idea of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-12 Michael Cook , Mirjam Eladhari , Andy Nealen , Mike Treanor , Eddy Boxerman , Alex Jaffe , Paul Sottosanti , Steve Swink

We present PORTAL, a novel framework for developing artificial intelligence agents capable of playing thousands of 3D video games through language-guided policy generation. By transforming decision-making problems into language modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhongwen Xu , Xianliang Wang , Siyi Li , Tao Yu , Liang Wang , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

As a contribution to the challenge of building game-playing AI systems, we develop and analyse a formal language for representing and reasoning about strategies. Our logical language builds on the existing general Game Description Language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-22 Dongmo Zhang , Michael Thielsher

This technical report outlines the fundamental workings of the game logic behind Ludii, a general game system, that can be used to play a wide variety of games. Ludii is a program developed for the ERC-funded Digital Ludeme Project, in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Éric Piette , Cameron Browne , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers

In this paper, we present a novel approach using the Auto GPT system alongside Design Sprint methodology to facilitate board game creation for inexperienced users. We introduce the implementation of Auto GPT for generating diverse board…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Maya Grace Torii , Takahito Murakami , Yoichi Ochiai

As Machine Learning (ML) systems becomes more ubiquitous, ensuring the fair and equitable application of their underlying algorithms is of paramount importance. We argue that one way to achieve this is to proactively cultivate public…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Eric Chu , Nabeel Gillani , Sneha Priscilla Makini

We propose a dynamic information manipulation game (DIMG) to investigate the incentives of an information manipulator (IM) to influence the transition rules of a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). DIMG is a hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-15 Shutian Liu , Quanyan Zhu

This paper introduces prompted software engineering (PSE), which integrates prompt engineering to build effective prompts for language-based AI models, to enhance the software development process. PSE enables the use of AI models in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Dae-Kyoo Kim

Games have long been used as benchmarks and testing environments for research in artificial intelligence. A key step in supporting this research was the development of game description languages: frameworks that compile domain-specific code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Graham Todd , Alexander G. Padula , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Julian Togelius

In this paper, we present a method for automated persona-driven video game tutorial level generation. Tutorial levels are scenarios in which the player can explore and discover different rules and game mechanics. Procedural personas can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Michael Cerny Green , Ahmed Khalifa , M Charity , Julian Togelius

In many problems that involve multiple decision making agents, optimal choices for each agent depend on the choices of others. Differential game theory provides a principled formalism for expressing these coupled interactions and recent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Lasse Peters , Zachary N. Sunberg

Games offer a compelling paradigm for developing general reasoning capabilities in language models, as they naturally demand strategic planning, probabilistic inference, and adaptive decision-making. However, existing self-play approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiachong Feng , Deyi Yin , Xiaocheng Feng , Yi Jiang , Libo Qin , Yangfan Ye , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Qiming Li , Yuxuan Gu , Bing Qin , Lingpeng Kong

Recent Language Models (LMs) achieve breakthrough performance in code generation when trained on human-authored problems, even solving some competitive-programming problems. Self-play has proven useful in games such as Go, and thus it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Patrick Haluptzok , Matthew Bowers , Adam Tauman Kalai

Papert's constructionism makes it clear that learning is particularly effective when learners create tangible artifacts and share and discuss them in social contexts. Technological progress in recent decades has created numerous…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Stefan Pietrusky

Modern video games are complex, non-deterministic systems that are difficult to test automatically at scale. Although prior work shows that personality-driven Large Language Model (LLM) agents can improve behavioural diversity and test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yifei Chen , Sarra Habchi , Lili Wei

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-critical domains, it becomes essential to ensure that their confidence estimates faithfully correspond to their actual correctness. Existing calibration methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ke Fang , Tianyi Zhao , Lu Cheng

ost recent popular Role-Playing Games (RPGs) allow players to create in-game characters with hundreds of adjustable parameters, including bone positions and various makeup options. Although text-driven auto-customization systems have been…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Haoqian Wu , Minda Zhao , Zhipeng Hu , Lincheng Li , Weijie Chen , Rui Zhao , Changjie Fan , Xin Yu

Driven by the rapid growth of machine learning, recent advances in game artificial intelligence (AI) have significantly impacted productivity across various gaming genres. Reward design plays a pivotal role in training game AI models,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 In-Chang Baek , Tae-Hwa Park , Jin-Ha Noh , Cheong-Mok Bae , Kyung-Joong Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable reasoning abilities in various tasks such as mathematics and coding. However, recent studies indicate that even the best models lack true comprehension of their reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pinzheng Wang , Juntao Li , Zecheng Tang , Haijia Gui , Min zhang

In general, video games not only prevail in entertainment but also have become an alternative methodology for knowledge learning, skill acquisition and assistance for medical treatment as well as health care in education,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Ke Chen