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Machine learning has been a popular tool in many different fields, including procedural content generation. However, procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) approaches can struggle with controllability and coherence. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Kynan Sorochan , Jerry Chen , Yakun Yu , Matthew Guzdial

Procedural content generation (PCG) has made substantial progress in shaping static 2D/3D geometry, while most methods treat gameplay mechanics as auxiliary and optimize only over space. We argue that this limits controllability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kaijie Xu , Clark Verbrugge

High-quality image inpainting requires filling missing regions in a damaged image with plausible content. Existing works either fill the regions by copying image patches or generating semantically-coherent patches from region context, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Yanhong Zeng , Jianlong Fu , Hongyang Chao , Baining Guo

Image inpainting is the task of filling in missing or masked region of an image with semantically meaningful contents. Recent methods have shown significant improvement in dealing with large-scale missing regions. However, these methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Wanglong Lu , Xianta Jiang , Xiaogang Jin , Yong-Liang Yang , Minglun Gong , Tao Wang , Kaijie Shi , Hanli Zhao

Procedural content generation uses algorithmic techniques to create large amounts of new content for games at much lower production costs. In newer approaches, procedural content generation utilizes machine learning. However, these methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Davor Hafnar , Jure Demšar

Recent procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) methods allow learning from existing content to produce similar content automatically. While these approaches are able to generate content for different games (e.g. Super…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Vanessa Volz , Niels Justesen , Sam Snodgrass , Sahar Asadi , Sami Purmonen , Christoffer Holmgård , Julian Togelius , Sebastian Risi

In this work, we present TOAD-GAN (Token-based One-shot Arbitrary Dimension Generative Adversarial Network), a novel Procedural Content Generation (PCG) algorithm that generates token-based video game levels. TOAD-GAN follows the SinGAN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Maren Awiszus , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) is widely used to create scalable and diverse environments in games. However, existing methods, such as the Wave Function Collapse (WFC) algorithm, are often limited to static scenarios and lack the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Aniruddha Srinivas Joshi

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) has been introduced as a means by which controllable designer agents can be trained based only on a set of computable metrics acting as a proxy for the level's quality and key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Julian Togelius

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Deep generative models have shown success in automatically synthesizing missing image regions using surrounding context. However, users cannot directly decide what content to synthesize with such approaches. We propose an end-to-end network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-23 Yinan Zhao , Brian Price , Scott Cohen , Danna Gurari

Deep generative approaches have recently made considerable progress in image inpainting by introducing structure priors. Due to the lack of proper interaction with image texture during structure reconstruction, however, current solutions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Xiefan Guo , Hongyu Yang , Di Huang

Procedural content generation (PCG) has become an increasingly popular technique in game development, allowing developers to generate dynamic, replayable, and scalable environments with reduced manual effort. In this study, a novel method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Miraç Buğra Özkan

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

Procedurally generated video game content has the potential to drastically reduce the content creation budget of game developers and large studios. However, adoption is hindered by limitations such as slow generation, as well as low quality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Michael Beukman , Christopher W Cleghorn , Steven James

Procedural content generation (PCG) is of great interest to game design and development as it generates game content automatically. Motivated by the recent learning-based PCG framework and other existing PCG works, we propose an alternative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Peizhi Shi , Ke Chen

Image inpainting approaches have achieved significant progress with the help of deep neural networks. However, existing approaches mainly focus on leveraging the priori distribution learned by neural networks to produce a single inpainting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Wangbo Yu , Jinhao Du , Ruixin Liu , Yixuan Li , Yuesheng zhu

We present a new data-driven video inpainting method for recovering missing regions of video frames. A novel deep learning architecture is proposed which contains two sub-networks: a temporal structure inference network and a spatial detail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Chuan Wang , Haibin Huang , Xiaoguang Han , Jue Wang

Semantic image inpainting is a challenging task where large missing regions have to be filled based on the available visual data. Existing methods which extract information from only a single image generally produce unsatisfactory results…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-14 Raymond A. Yeh , Chen Chen , Teck Yian Lim , Alexander G. Schwing , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Minh N. Do

Achieving optimal balance in games is essential to their success, yet reliant on extensive manual work and playtesting. To facilitate this process, the Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) framework has recently…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Florian Rupp , Alessandro Puddu , Christian Becker-Asano , Kai Eckert