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We prove that path puzzles with complete row and column information--or equivalently, 2D orthogonal discrete tomography with Hamiltonicity constraint--are strongly NP-complete, ASP-complete, and #P-complete. Along the way, we newly…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Adam Hesterberg , Roderick Kimball , Justin Kopinsky

We prove PSPACE-completeness of two classic types of Chess problems when generalized to n-by-n boards. A "retrograde" problem asks whether it is possible for a position to be reached from a natural starting position, i.e., whether the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Josh Brunner , Erik D. Demaine , Dylan Hendrickson , Julian Wellman

Arc-Kayles is a game where two players alternate removing two adjacent vertices until no move is left, the winner being the player who played the last move. Introduced in 1978, its computational complexity is still open. More recently,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Kyle Burke , Antoine Dailly , Nacim Oijid

In this paper we analyse two-player games by their response graphs. The response graph has nodes which are strategy profiles, with an arc between profiles if they differ in the strategy of a single player, with the direction of the arc…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Oliver Biggar , Iman Shames

We study the sample complexity of identifying the pure strategy Nash equilibrium (PSNE) in a two-player zero-sum matrix game with noise. Formally, we are given a stochastic model where any learner can sample an entry $(i,j)$ of the input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Arnab Maiti , Ross Boczar , Kevin Jamieson , Lillian J. Ratliff

We study verification problems for history-constrained systems (HCS), a model of guarded computation that uses nested systems. An outer system describes the process architecture in which a sequence of actions represents the communication…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Louwe B. Kuijer , David Purser , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Patrick Totzke

The Banzhaf index, Shapley-Shubik index and other voting power indices measure the importance of a player in a coalitional game. We consider a simple coalitional game called the spanning connectivity game (SCG) based on an undirected,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-06-22 Haris Aziz , Oded Lachish , Mike Paterson , Rahul Savani

Game theory is appropriate for studying cyber conflict because it allows for an intelligent and goal-driven adversary. Applications of game theory have led to a number of results regarding optimal attack and defense strategies. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-11-16 Erik M. Ferragut , Andrew C. Brady , Ethan J. Brady , Jacob M. Ferragut , Nathan M. Ferragut , Max C. Wildgruber

The additively separable hedonic game (ASHG) is a model of coalition formation games on graphs. In this paper, we intensively and extensively investigate the computational complexity of finding several desirable solutions, such as a Nash…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Tesshu Hanaka , Hironori Kiya , Yasuhide Maei , Hirotaka Ono

We study the typical structure of games in terms of their connectivity properties. A game is said to be `connected' if it has a pure Nash equilibrium and the property that there is a best-response path from every action profile which is not…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-01-12 Tom Johnston , Michael Savery , Alex Scott , Bassel Tarbush

Consider the following two-player game on the edges of $K_n$, the complete graph with $n$ vertices: Starting with an empty graph $G$ on the vertex set of $K_n$, in each round the first player chooses $b \in \mathbb{N}$ edges from $K_n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-07 Rajko Nenadov

The Reward-Penalty-Selection Problem (RPSP) can be seen as a combination of the Set Cover Problem (SCP) and the Hitting Set Problem (HSP). Given a set of elements, a set of reward sets, and a set of penalty sets, one tries to find a subset…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Niklas Gräf , Till Heller , Sven O. Krumke

In this work we address a game theoretic variant of the shortest path problem, in which two decision makers (players) move together along the edges of a graph from a given starting vertex to a given destination. The two players take turns…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Andreas Darmann , Ulrich Pferschy , Joachim Schauer

The game of Paintbucket was recently introduced by Amundsen and Erickson. It is played on a rectangular grid of black and white pixels. The players alternately fill in one of their opponent's connected components with their own color, until…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-02 Ethan J. Saunders , Peter Selinger

Among all simple 2-connected graphs, and among all $\theta$-graphs, the graphs with the minimum algebraic connectivity are completely determined, respectively.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-02 Guanglong Yu , by Shuguang Guo , Lin Sun , Hailiang Zhang , Yarong Wu

We develop a theory of combinatorial games that is appropriate for describing positions in Hex and other monotone set coloring games. We consider two natural conditions on such games: a game is monotone if all moves available to both…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-26 Peter Selinger

It was shown in Alur et al. [1] that the problem of verifying finite concurrent systems through Linearizability is in EXPSPACE. However, there was still a complexity gap between the easy to obtain PSPACE lower bound and the EXPSPACE upper…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-02-18 Jad Hamza

We address the problem of solving parity games with imperfect information on finite graphs of bounded structural complexity. It is a major open problem whether parity games with perfect information can be solved in PTIME. Restricting the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Bernd Puchala , Roman Rabinovich

We investigate the complexity of finding a winning strategy for the mis\`ere version of three games played on graphs : two variants of the game $\text{NimG}$, introduced by Stockmann in 2004 and the game $\text{Vertex Geography}$ on both…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Gabriel Renault , Simon Schmidt

Let $G = V, E$ be a simple connected undirected graph. A set $X \subseteq V$ is \emph{geodesically convex} if for any pair of vertices $x, y \in X$, all vertices on all shortest paths in $G$ from $x$ to $y$ are contained in $X$. A set $H…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Niranjan Nair