相关论文: Gauge Invariance in the Process $e^+e^-\to \bar \n…
Using the exact renormalization group (ERG) formalism, we study the gauge invariant composite operators in QED. Gauge invariant composite operators are introduced as infinitesimal changes of the gauge invariant Wilson action. We examine the…
The inclusion of the unstable features of a spin-1 particle, without breaking the electromagnetic gauge invariance, can be properly accomplished by including higher order contributions as done in the so-called fermion loop scheme (for the W…
An outline of a proof of the decomposition of the linear metric perturbation into gauge-invariant and gauge-variant parts on an arbitrary background spacetime is discussed through an exlicit construction of gauge-invariant and gauge-variant…
The concept of gauge invariance in classical electrodynamics assumes tacitly that Maxwell's equations have unique solutions. By calculating the electromagnetic field of a moving particle both in Lorenz and in Coulomb gauge and directly from…
We point out that the gauge-invariance of the subleading Lagrangian of soft-collinear effective theory is realised in an intricate way through momentum-conservation violating contributions. Although these terms are disregarded in…
Linear cosmological perturbation theory is pivotal to a theoretical understanding of current cosmological experimental data provided e.g. by cosmic microwave anisotropy probes. A key issue in that theory is to extract the gauge invariant…
Previous analyses on the gauge invariance of the action for a generally covariant system are generalized. It is shown that if the action principle is properly improved, there is as much gauge freedom at the endpoints for an arbitrary gauge…
Recently, calculations which consider the implications of anomalous trilinear gauge-boson couplings, both at tree-level and in loop-induced processes, have been criticized on the grounds that the lagrangians employed are not \gwk gauge…
By separating the gluon field into physical and pure-gauge components, the usual Poincar\'e subalgebra for an interacting system can be reconciled with gauge-invariance when decomposing the total rotation and translation generators of QCD…
Manifest gauge-invariance requires that observable states in the standard-model are described by composite operators, which involve additional Higgs contributions beyond perturbation theory. This field-theoretical effect has been confirmed…
Based on an Invited Plenary Talk given at ``Workshop on Physics and Experiments with Linear $e^+e^-$ Colliders,'' Waikoloa, Hawaii, April 26--30, 1993. This paper reviews theoretical issues concerning the structure of vector bosons, with…
"Physical theories of fundamental significance tend to be gauge theories. These are theories in which the physical system being dealt with is described by more variables than there are physically independent degree of freedom. The…
The modern description of elementary particles, as formulated in the Standard Model of particle physics, is built on gauge theories. Gauge theories implement fundamental laws of physics by local symmetry constraints. For example, in quantum…
Even though the energy carried by a gravitational wave is not itself gauge invariant, the interaction with a gravitational antenna of the gravitational wave which carries that energy is. It therefore has to be possible to make some…
The Higgs mechanism gives mass to Yang-Mills gauge bosons. According to the conventional wisdom, this happens through the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry. Yet, gauge symmetries merely reflect a redundancy in the state description and…
If calculated in the standard way, the cross section for the collision of two unstable particles turns out to diverge. This is because this cross section is actually proportional to the size of the colliding beams. The effect is called the…
In the context of the Standard Model we extend the S--matrix pinch technique for non--conserved currents to the case of three boson vertices. We outline in detail how effective gauge invariant three boson vertices can be constructed, with…
Longitudinal electroweak gauge bosons are the most technically delicate ingredient of electroweak parton showers: in the broken Standard Model, the gauge component of a longitudinal polarisation does not cancel diagram by diagram, but is…
Construction of the gauge-invariant variables for the linear metric perturbation, which was proposed in the paper [K. Nakamura, arXiv:1101.1147], is discussed through an alternative approach. Our starting point of the construction of the…
The gauge invariant two-photon exchange (TPE) contributions in $e^-\pi^+ \rightarrow e^-\pi^+$ are discussed at hadronic level. The contact term is added to keep the full amplitude gauge invariant by two methods: one is to multiply form…