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Efficiently estimating properties of large and strongly coupled quantum systems is a central focus in many-body physics and quantum information theory. While quantum computers promise speedups for many such tasks, near-term devices are…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-09-28 Senrui Chen , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Steven T. Flammia

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Classical shadow tomography is a powerful randomized measurement protocol for predicting many properties of a quantum state with few measurements. Two classical shadow protocols have been extensively studied in the literature: the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-06-07 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Interfacing quantum and classical processors is an important subroutine in full-stack quantum algorithms. The so-called "classical shadow" method efficiently extracts essential classical information from quantum states, enabling the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-09-11 Shuowei Ma , Junyu Liu

The ability of quantum computers to directly manipulate and analyze quantum states stored in quantum memory allows them to learn about aspects of our physical world that would otherwise be invisible given a modest number of measurements.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-12-10 Robbie King , Kianna Wan , Jarrod McClean

Shadow estimation is a recent protocol that allows estimating exponentially many expectation values of a quantum state from ``classical shadows'', obtained by applying random quantum circuits and computational basis measurements. In this…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-12-27 Jonas Helsen , Michael Walter

Classical shadow tomography has become a powerful tool in learning about quantum states prepared on a quantum computer. Recent works have used classical shadows to variationally enforce N-representability conditions on the 2-particle…

Classical Shadow Tomography (Huang, Kueng and Preskill, Nature Physics 2020) is a method for creating a classical snapshot of an unknown quantum state, which can later be used to predict the value of an a-priori unknown observable on that…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-07-15 Zvika Brakerski , Nir Magrafta , Tomer Solomon

In this article we develop a continuous variable (CV) shadow tomography scheme with wide ranging applications in quantum optics. Our work is motivated by the increasing experimental and technological relevance of CV systems in quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-03 Simon Becker , Nilanjana Datta , Ludovico Lami , Cambyse Rouzé

Classical shadow tomography provides an efficient method for predicting functions of an unknown quantum state from a few measurements of the state. It relies on a unitary channel that efficiently scrambles the quantum information of the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-02-01 Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Efficiently estimating fermionic Hamiltonian expectation values is vital for simulating various physical systems. Classical shadow (CS) algorithms offer a solution by reducing the number of quantum state copies needed, but noise in quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-04-19 Bujiao Wu , Dax Enshan Koh

Recently introduced shadow tomography protocols use classical shadows of quantum states to predict many target functions of an unknown quantum state. Unlike full quantum state tomography, shadow tomography does not insist on accurate…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-05-27 Atithi Acharya , Siddhartha Saha , Anirvan M. Sengupta

Robust, accurate and efficient quantum tomography is key for future quantum technologies. Traditional methods are impractical for even medium sized systems and are not robust against noise and errors. Here we report on an experimental…

量子物理 · 物理学 2016-07-27 Robert J. Chapman , Christopher Ferrie , Alberto Peruzzo

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning many properties of an unknown n-qubit quantum state using a sparing number of copies of the state. Specifically, we present a depth-modulated randomized measurement scheme that…

Deep metric learning objectives (e.g., triplet loss) require storing and comparing high-dimensional embeddings, making the per-batch loss buffer scale as $O(S\cdot D)$, where $S$ is the number of samples in a batch and $D$ is the feature…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Alif Elham Khan , Mohammad Junayed Hasan , Humayra Anjum , Nabeel Mohammed

We consider the classic question of state tomography: given copies of an unknown quantum state $\rho\in\mathbb{C}^{d\times d}$, output $\widehat{\rho}$ which is close to $\rho$ in some sense, e.g. trace distance or fidelity. When one is…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-05-31 Sitan Chen , Brice Huang , Jerry Li , Allen Liu , Mark Sellke

Spurious couplings and decoherence degrade the performance of solid-state quantum processors, demanding careful design, calibration, and mitigation protocols. These strategies often rely on characterization of the idling processor, but…

A scalable Bayesian machine learning framework is introduced for estimating scalar properties of an unknown quantum state from measurement data, which bypasses full density matrix reconstruction. This work is the first to integrate the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-12-08 Hyunho Cha , Wonjung Kim , Jungwoo Lee

Efficiently learning expectation values of a quantum state using classical shadow tomography has become a fundamental task in quantum information theory. In a classical shadows protocol, one measures a state in a chosen basis W after it has…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-06-04 Maxwell West , Antonio Anna Mele , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo

The classical shadows protocol is an efficient strategy for estimating properties of an unknown state $\rho$ using a small number of state copies and measurements. In its original form, it involves twirling the state with unitaries from…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-01-23 Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Ning Bao , Kartiek Agarwal