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Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the development of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making agents in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem, and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-08-23 Maxwell Standen , Martin Lucas , David Bowman , Toby J. Richer , Junae Kim , Damian Marriott

Simulated environments have proven invaluable in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) where Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can be trained without the computational overhead of emulation. These environments must accurately represent…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-17 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the consideration of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making models in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-02-27 Callum Baillie , Maxwell Standen , Jonathon Schwartz , Michael Docking , David Bowman , Junae Kim

Given the success of reinforcement learning (RL) in various domains, it is promising to explore the application of its methods to the development of intelligent and autonomous cyber agents. Enabling this development requires a…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-09-09 Li Li , Raed Fayad , Adrian Taylor

This work aims to enable autonomous agents for network cyber operations (CyOps) by applying reinforcement and deep reinforcement learning (RL/DRL). The required RL training environment is particularly challenging, as it must balance the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-04-05 Li Li , Jean-Pierre S. El Rami , Adrian Taylor , James Hailing Rao , Thomas Kunz

Reinforcement learning techniques are being explored as solutions to the threat of cyber attacks on enterprise networks. Recent research in the field of AI in cyber security has investigated the ability of homogeneous multi-agent…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-24 Alex Popa , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

Modern cyber attacks unfold through multiple stages, requiring defenders to dynamically prioritize mitigations under uncertainty. While game-theoretic models capture attacker-defender interactions, existing approaches often rely on static…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-04 Yuning Jiang , Nay Oo , Qiaoran Meng , Lu Lin , Dusit Niyato , Zehui Xiong , Hoon Wei Lim , Biplab Sikdar

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) rely on Reinforcement Learning (RL) to train agents to make effective decisions in the cybersecurity domain. However, existing ACO applications require agents to learn from scratch, leading to slow…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-08-21 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Ranwa Al Mallah

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) bring significant challenges to cybersecurity due to their sophisticated and stealthy nature. Traditional cybersecurity measures fail to defend against APTs. Cognitive vulnerabilities can significantly…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-08-14 Shuo Huang , Fred Jones , Nikolos Gurney , David Pynadath , Kunal Srivastava , Stoney Trent , Peggy Wu , Quanyan Zhu

Autonomous cyber agents may be developed by applying reinforcement and deep reinforcement learning (RL/DRL), where agents are trained in a representative environment. The training environment must simulate with high-fidelity the network…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-04-05 Li Li , Jean-Pierre S. El Rami , Adrian Taylor , James Hailing Rao , Thomas Kunz

Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) in large enterprises can generate hundreds of thousands of alerts per hour, overwhelming analysts with logs requiring rapidly evolving expertise. Conventional machine-learning detectors…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Francesco Blefari , Cristian Cosentino , Francesco Aurelio Pironti , Angelo Furfaro , Fabrizio Marozzo

Integrating LLM and reinforcement learning (RL) agent effectively to achieve complementary performance is critical in high stake tasks like cybersecurity operations. In this study, we introduce SecurityBot, a LLM agent mentored by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-03-27 Yikuan Yan , Yaolun Zhang , Keman Huang

Recently, reinforcement and deep reinforcement learning (RL/DRL) have been applied to develop autonomous agents for cyber network operations(CyOps), where the agents are trained in a representative environment using RL and particularly DRL…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-09-12 Li Li , Jean-Pierre S. El Rami , Ryan Kerr , Adrian Taylor , Grant Vandenberghe

Autonomous Cyber Defence is required to respond to high-tempo cyber-attacks. To facilitate the research in this challenging area, we explore the utility of the autonomous cyber operation environments presented as part of the Cyber Autonomy…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-09-15 Mitchell Kiely , David Bowman , Maxwell Standen , Christopher Moir

Advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have inspired new directions in intelligent automation of network defense. However, many of these advancements have either outpaced their application to network security or have not considered the…

The ongoing rise in cyberattacks and the lack of skilled professionals in the cybersecurity domain to combat these attacks show the need for automated tools capable of detecting an attack with good performance. Attackers disguise their…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-03-13 Arti Bandhana , Ondřej Lukáš , Sebastian Garcia , Tomáš Kroupa

Computer network defence is a complicated task that has necessitated a high degree of human involvement. However, with recent advancements in machine learning, fully autonomous network defence is becoming increasingly plausible. This paper…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-06-16 Myles Foley , Mia Wang , Zoe M , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

This paper presents mRAG, a multi-agent retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework composed of specialized agents for subtasks such as planning, searching, reasoning, and coordination. Our system uses a self-training paradigm with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-13 Alireza Salemi , Mukta Maddipatla , Hamed Zamani

We analyze two open source deep reinforcement learning agents submitted to the CAGE Challenge 2 cyber defense challenge, where each competitor submitted an agent to defend a simulated network against each of several provided rules-based…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-11 Jared Claypoole , Steven Cheung , Ashish Gehani , Vinod Yegneswaran , Ahmad Ridley

Claw-style environments support multi-step workflows over local files, tools, and persistent workspace states. However, scalable development around these environments remains constrained by the absence of a systematic framework, especially…

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