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In this Letter, we present two analytic expressions that most generally simulate $n$-qubit controlled-$U$ gates with standard one-qubit gates and CNOT gates using exponential and polynomial complexity respectively. Explicit circuits and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2007-08-27 Yang Liu , Gui Lu Long , Yang Sun

In quantum control theory, a question of fundamental and practical interest is how an arbitrary unitary transformation can be decomposed into minimum number of elementary rotations for implementation, subject to various physical…

介观与纳米尺度物理 · 物理学 2019-05-29 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Jianan Li , Xin Wang , Man-Hong Yung

Arithmetic operations are an important component of many quantum algorithms. As such, coming up with optimized quantum circuits for these operations leads to more efficient implementations of the corresponding algorithms. In this paper, we…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-20 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Hari Krovi

A central building block of many quantum algorithms is the diagonalization of Pauli operators. Although it is always possible to construct a quantum circuit that simultaneously diagonalizes a given set of commuting Pauli operators, only…

The Toffoli gate is a fundamental building block for quantum arithmetic and reversible logic, yet its efficient realization remains a major challenge in both near-term and fault-tolerant quantum architectures. Recent advances in dynamic…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-21 Abhoy Kole , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler

We conduct a systematic study of quantum circuits composed of multiple-control $Z$-rotation (MCZR) gates as primitives, since they are widely-used components in quantum algorithms and also have attracted much experimental interest in recent…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-06-11 Shihao Zhang , Junda Wu , Lvzhou Li

We introduce an approach for estimating the expectation values of arbitrary $n$-qubit matrices $M \in \mathbb{C}^{2^n\times 2^n}$ on a quantum computer. In contrast to conventional methods like the Pauli decomposition that utilize $4^n$…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-07 Dingjie Lu , Yangfan Li , Dax Enshan Koh , Zhao Wang , Jun Liu , Zhuangjian Liu

Decomposing unitary operations into native gates is an essential step for implementing quantum algorithms. For qubit-based devices, where native gates are typically single- and two-qubit operations, a range of decomposition techniques have…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-10-10 Daniele Trisciani , Marco Cattaneo , Zoltán Zimborás

A variety of quantum algorithms employ Pauli operators as a convenient basis for studying the spectrum or evolution of Hamiltonians or measuring multi-body observables. One strategy to reduce circuit depth in such algorithms involves…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-12-21 Edison M. Murairi , Michael J. Cervia

Quantum squaring operation is a useful building block in implementing quantum algorithms such as linear regression, regularized least squares algorithm, order-finding algorithm, quantum search algorithm, Newton Raphson division, Euclidean…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-06-05 Afrin Sultana , Edgard Muñoz-Coreas

We present a construction for circuits with low gate count and depth, implementing three- and four-body Pauli-Z product operators as they appear in the form of plaquette-shaped constraints in QAOA when using the parity mapping. The circuits…

We consider the decomposition of arbitrary isometries into a sequence of single-qubit and Controlled-NOT (C-NOT) gates. In many experimental architectures, the C-NOT gate is relatively 'expensive' and hence we aim to keep the number of…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-04-10 Raban Iten , Roger Colbeck , Ivan Kukuljan , Jonathan Home , Matthias Christandl

This paper introduces a novel general-purpose algorithm for Pauli decomposition that employs matrix slicing and addition rather than expensive matrix multiplication, significantly accelerating the decomposition of multi-qubit matrices. In a…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-09-25 Lukas Hantzko , Lennart Binkowski , Sabhyata Gupta

Before executing a quantum algorithm, one must first decompose the algorithm into machine-level instructions compatible with the architecture of the quantum computer, a process known as quantum compiling. There are many different quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-06-08 Luke Heyfron , Earl T. Campbell

Entangling gates between qubits are a crucial component for performing algorithms in quantum computers. However, any quantum algorithm must ultimately operate on error-protected logical qubits encoded in high-dimensional systems. Typically,…

The controlled-SWAP and controlled-controlled-NOT gates are at the heart of the original proposal of reversible classical computation by Fredkin and Toffoli. Their widespread use in quantum computation, both in the implementation of…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-02-28 Pedro M. Q. Cruz , Bruno Murta

Quantum computation with $d$-level quantum systems, also known as qudits, benefits from the possibility to use a richer computational space compared to qubits. However, for an arbitrary qudit-based hardware platform, the issue is that a…

The Pauli matrices are 2-by-2 matrices that are very useful in quantum computing. They can be used as elementary gates in quantum circuits but also to decompose any matrix of $\mathbb{C}^{2^n \times 2^n}$ as a linear combination of tensor…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-03-19 Océane Koska , Marc Baboulin , Arnaud Gazda

We construct optimized implementations of the CNOT and other universal two-qubit gates that, unlike many of the previously proposed protocols, are carried out in a single step. The new protocols require tunable inter-qubit couplings but, in…

量子物理 · 物理学 2013-05-29 I. A. Grigorenko , D. V. Khveshchenko

In order to demonstrate non-trivial quantum computations experimentally, such as the synthesis of arbitrary entangled states, it will be useful to understand how to decompose a desired quantum computation into the shortest possible sequence…

量子物理 · 物理学 2009-11-10 Farrokh Vatan , Colin Williams