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General relativity predicts that gravitational waves propagate at the speed of light. Although ground-based gravitational-wave detectors have successfully constrained the velocity of gravitational waves in the high-frequency range,…

宇宙学与河外天体物理 · 物理学 2025-03-28 Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Zu-Cheng Chen , Qing-Guo Huang

Long-term precise timing of Galactic millisecond pulsars holds great promise for measuring the long-period (months-to-years) astrophysical gravitational waves. Several gravitational-wave observational programs, called Pulsar Timing Arrays…

天体物理学 · 物理学 2009-11-13 Rutger van Haasteren , Yuri Levin , Patrick McDonald , Tingting Lu

The recent observation of a common red-noise process in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) suggests that the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves might be around the corner. However, in order to confidently attribute this red process to…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2026-03-25 Valentina Di Marco , Andrew Zic , Matthew T. Miles , Daniel J. Reardon , Eric Thrane , Ryan M. Shannon

Detection of a gravitational-wave stochastic background via ground or space-based gravitational-wave detectors requires the cross-correlation of the response of two or more independent detectors. The cross-correlation involves a…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2009-11-06 Lee Samuel Finn , Shane L. Larson , Joseph D. Romano

Arrays of precisely-timed millisecond pulsars are used to search for gravitational waves with periods of months to decades. Gravitational waves affect the path of radio pulses propagating from a pulsar to Earth, causing the arrival times of…

高能天体物理现象 · 物理学 2025-11-13 Stephen R. Taylor

Pulsar timing offers an independent avenue to test general relativity and alternative gravity theories. This requires an understanding of how metric polarizations beyond the familiar transverse tensor ones imprint as a stochastic…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2023-02-08 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Dense, continuous pulsar timing observations over a 24-hr period provide a method for probing intermediate gravitational wave (GW) frequencies from 10 microhertz to 20 millihertz. The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA), the North American…

A new detection method for ultra-low frequency gravitational waves (GWs) with a frequency much lower than the observational range of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) was suggested in Yonemaru et al. (2016). In the PTA analysis, ultra-low…

高能天体物理现象 · 物理学 2018-05-02 Naoyuki Yonemaru , Hiroki Kumamoto , Keitaro Takahashi , Sachiko Kuroyanagi

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will enable the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from a population of supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) in the next $\sim 3-7$ years. In addition, PTAs provide a rare opportunity to probe…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2019-07-12 Xavier Siemens , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Paul T. Baker , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Dustin Madison , Chiara Mingarelli , Joseph Simon , Tristan Smith

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) have the promise to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from sources which are in a unique frequency range of 10^-9 - 10^-6 Hz. This in turn also provides an opportunity to test the theory of general relativity in…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2020-10-07 Adrian Boîtier , Shubhanshu Tiwari , Lionel Philippoz , Philippe Jetzer

We present the results of a search for gravitational waves (GWs) from individual sources using high-cadence observations of PSR J1909\(-\)3744 obtained during an intensive observing campaign with the International Pulsar Timing Array second…

高能天体物理现象 · 物理学 2026-03-13 Jing Zou , Jingbo Wang Jianping Yuan , De Zhao , Yirong Wen , Wei Li , Na Wang , Yong Xia

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations hinted towards the existence of a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nHz frequency band. Still, the nature of the SGWB signal cannot be confidently inferred from current data, and…

宇宙学与河外天体物理 · 物理学 2024-04-04 Stanislav Babak , Mikel Falxa , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

The astrophysical gravitational wave background in the nanohertz (nHz) band is expected to be primarily composed of the superposition of signals from binaries of supermassive black holes. The spatial discreteness of these sources introduces…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2025-08-28 Giulia Cusin , Cyril Pitrou , Martin Pijnenburg , Alberto Sesana

The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) network is a collaboration between the five largest radio telescopes in Europe aiming to study the astrophysics of millisecond pulsars and to detect cosmological gravitational waves in the nano-Hertz…

星系天体物理 · 物理学 2010-02-04 K. Lazaridis

Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves ($10^{-9} - 10^{-8}$ Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB)…

We generalise Phinney's 'practical theorem' to account for modified graviton dispersion relations motivated by certain cosmological scenarios. Focusing on specific examples, we show how such modifications can induce characteristic localised…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2025-12-25 Bill Atkins , Ameek Malhotra , Gianmassimo Tasinato

The highly stable spin of neutron stars can be exploited for a variety of (astro-)physical investigations. In particular arrays of pulsars with rotational periods of the order of milliseconds can be used to detect correlated signals such as…

Pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) are seeking gravitational waves from supermassive-black-hole binaries, and there are prospects to complement these searches with stellar-astrometry measurements. Theorists still disagree, however, as to whether…

宇宙学与河外天体物理 · 物理学 2020-06-19 Selim C. Hotinli , Marc Kamionkowski , Andrew H. Jaffe

Strong evidence for the Helling-Downs correlation curves have been reported by multiple pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in middle 2023. In this work, we investigate the graviton mass bounds by analyzing the observational data of…

高能天体物理现象 · 物理学 2024-03-20 Sai Wang , Zhi-Chao Zhao

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have entered a new era with evidence for a nanoHertz gravitational wave background (GWB). This review describes the physics of detection, detailing the noise models and cross-correlation techniques…