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We demonstrate that wormholes must be entangled regardless of asymptotic boundary conditions. Assuming black hole complementarity, we argue that traversable wormholes instantiate entanglement-assisted quantum channels and that this…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2025-12-11 Ning Bao , Grant N. Remmen

The recently proposed ER=EPR correspondence postulates the existence of wormholes (Einstein-Rosen bridges) between entangled states (such as EPR pairs). Entanglement is famously known to be unobservable in quantum mechanics, in that there…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2015-11-23 Ning Bao , Jason Pollack , Grant N. Remmen

If spacetime is built out of quantum bits, does the shape of space depend on how the bits are entangled? The ER=EPR conjecture relates the entanglement entropy of a collection of black holes to the cross sectional area of Einstein-Rosen…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2014-03-12 Hrant Gharibyan , Robert F. Penna

Maldacena and Susskind conjectured that two entangled particles, which can be thought of as forming an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair, are connected by a nontraversable wormhole or Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridge. They named their conjecture…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2023-12-13 Ben Kain

We construct a class of wormhole geometries supported by the non-local gravitational self-energy that regularizes the particle and black-hole sectors of spacetime. Using this framework, inspired by T-duality, we show that two entangled…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2026-03-13 Kimet Jusufi , Francisco S. N. Lobo , Emmanuel N. Saridakis , Douglas Singleton

The approach of Gao, Jafferis, and Wall to perturbatively construct traversable wormholes has seen success in a number of black hole backgrounds, particularly BTZ and $AdS_2$, whereas historically most wormhole solutions have been either…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2023-04-18 Ryan Bilotta

We argue that one can nucleate a traversable wormhole via a nonperturbative process in quantum gravity. To support this, we construct spacetimes in which there are instantons giving a finite probability for a test cosmic string to break and…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2020-01-08 Gary T. Horowitz , Don Marolf , Jorge E. Santos , Diandian Wang

We consider the question of entanglement conservation in the context of the ER=EPR correspondence equating quantum entanglement with wormholes. In quantum mechanics, the entanglement between a system and its complement is conserved under…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2016-07-13 Grant N. Remmen , Ning Bao , Jason Pollack

Black hole complementarity is incompatible with the existence of traversable wormholes. In fact, traversable wormholes cause problems for any theory where information comes out in the Hawking radiation.

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2009-10-28 Daniel Gottesman

A unified framework for black holes and traversible wormholes is described, where both are locally defined by outer trapping horizons, two-way traversible for wormholes and one-way traversible for black or white holes. In a two-dimensional…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2007-05-23 Sean A. Hayward

Wormholes are exotic compact objects characterized by the absence of essential singularities and horizons, acting as slender bridges linking two distinct regions of spacetime. Despite their theoretical significance, they remain however…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2025-02-25 Ciro De Simone , Vittorio De Falco , Salvatore Capozziello

A traversable wormhole generally violates the averaged null energy condition, usually requiring exotic matter. Recently, it has been found that the traversable wormhole can be realized by non-exotic matter in Einstein-Dirac-Maxwell theories…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2025-03-06 Hua-Chao Liu , Rong-Xin Miao

It has recently been suggested that Einstein-Rosen (ER) bridges can be interpreted as maximally entangled states of two black holes that form a complex Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair. This relationship has been dubbed as the ER = EPR…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2014-06-04 Francisco S. N. Lobo , Gonzalo J. Olmo , D. Rubiera-Garcia

According to the ER = EPR conjecture, entangled particles are connected by quantum wormholes. Under the assumption that some of the electric field surrounding an entangled charged particle leaks into the wormhole, we show that this effect…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-04-09 Irfan Javed , Edward Wilson-Ewing

Maldacena and Susskind have proposed a correspondence between wormholes and entanglement, dubbed ER=EPR. We study this in the context of 3d topological quantum field theory, where we show that the formation of a wormhole is the same process…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2017-08-22 John C. Baez , Jamie Vicary

We provide evidence that strong quantum entanglement between Hilbert spaces does not generically create semiclassical wormholes between the corresponding geometric regions in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We propose a…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2015-06-19 Vijay Balasubramanian , Micha Berkooz , Simon F. Ross , Joan Simon

A new framework is proposed for general dynamic wormholes, unifying them with black holes. Both are generically defined locally by outer trapping horizons, temporal for wormholes and spatial or null for black and white holes. Thus wormhole…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2009-10-31 Sean A. Hayward

Traversable wormholes (TWHs) remain one of the most intriguing predictions of General Relativity (GR), offering passage through space-time. However, their existence requires the violation of the null energy condition, making their detection…

广义相对论与量子宇宙学 · 物理学 2025-09-18 Subenoy Chakraborty , Madhukrishna Chakraborty

We construct traversable wormholes by starting with simple four-dimensional classical solutions respecting the null energy condition and containing a pair of oppositely charged black holes connected by a non-traversable wormhole. We then…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2020-01-03 Zicao Fu , Brianna Grado-White , Donald Marolf

After turning on an interaction that couples the two boundaries of an eternal BTZ black hole, we find a quantum matter stress tensor with negative average null energy, whose gravitational backreaction renders the Einstein-Rosen bridge…

高能物理 - 理论 · 物理学 2019-09-25 Ping Gao , Daniel Louis Jafferis , Aron C. Wall
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