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This article provides an introduction to surface code quantum computing. We first estimate the size and speed of a surface code quantum computer. We then introduce the concept of the stabilizer, using two qubits, and extend this concept to…

量子物理 · 物理学 2012-10-30 Austin G. Fowler , Matteo Mariantoni , John M. Martinis , Andrew N. Cleland

Hook errors are a major challenge in implementing logical operations with the surface code, because they can reduce the fault distance below the code distance. This motivates syndrome-extraction circuits that suppress hook-error effects for…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-03 Yuga Hirai , Shota Ikari , Yosuke Ueno , Yasunari Suzuki

Spin qubits in quantum dots provide a promising platform for realizing large-scale quantum processors since they have a small characteristic size of a few tens of nanometers. One difficulty of controlling e.g., a few thousand qubits on a…

介观与纳米尺度物理 · 物理学 2025-03-20 Dávid Pataki , András Pályi

Biased-noise qubits, in which one type of error (e.g. $X$- and $Y$-type errors) is significantly suppressed relative to the other (e.g. $Z$-type errors), can significantly reduce the overhead of quantum error correction. Codes such as the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-01-19 Peter Shanahan , Diego Ruiz

We map the decoding problem of the surface code under depolarizing and syndrome noise to a disordered spin model, which we call the random coupled-plaquette gauge model (RCPGM). By coupling X- and Z-syndrome volumes, this model allows us to…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-12-19 Manuel Rispler , Davide Vodola , Markus Müller , Seyong Kim

The performance of a quantum error-correction process is determined by the likelihood that a random configuration of errors introduced to the system will lead to the corruption of encoded logical information. In this work we compare two…

While Clifford operations are relatively easy to implement in fault-tolerant quantum computers,continuous rotation gates remain a significant bottleneck in typical quantum algorithms. In this work, we ask the question: "What is the most…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-06 Zhu Sun , Balint Koczor

In recent years, surface codes have become a leading method for quantum error correction in theoretical large scale computational and communications architecture designs. Their comparatively high fault-tolerant thresholds and their natural…

量子物理 · 物理学 2023-04-21 Dominic Horsman , Austin G. Fowler , Simon Devitt , Rodney Van Meter

We show how to obtain concrete constructions of homological quantum codes based on tilings of 2D surfaces with constant negative curvature (hyperbolic surfaces). This construction results in two-dimensional quantum codes whose tradeoff of…

量子物理 · 物理学 2016-08-25 Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Barbara M. Terhal

Quantum Surface codes are a kind of quantum topological stabilizer codes whose stabilizers and qubits are geometrically related. Due to their special structures, surface codes have great potential to lead people to large-scale quantum…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-05-23 Yaping Yuan , Chung-Chin Lu

Estimating and reducing the overhead of fault tolerance (FT) schemes is a crucial step toward realizing scalable quantum computers. Of particular interest are schemes based on two-dimensional (2D) topological codes such as the surface and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-06-23 Michael E. Beverland , Aleksander Kubica , Krysta M. Svore

Surface and color codes are two forms of topological quantum error correction in two spatial dimensions with complementary properties. Surface codes have lower-depth error detection circuits and well-developed decoders to interpret and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2016-10-18 Jonathan E. Moussa

We present and benchmark an interesting circuit family which we call diamond circuits, that use a mid-cycle construction built around the subsystem surface code to implement a surface code on a Lieb or "Heavy-Square" lattice. This makes…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-02-17 Dripto M. Debroy

Recently, usage of detecting regions facilitated the discovery of new circuits for fault-tolerantly implementing the surface code. Building on these ideas, we present LUCI, a framework for constructing fault-tolerant circuits flexible…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-10 Dripto M. Debroy , Matt McEwen , Craig Gidney , Noah Shutty , Adam Zalcman

We introduce a technique that uses gauge fixing to significantly improve the quantum error correcting performance of subsystem codes. By changing the order in which check operators are measured, valuable additional information can be…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-10-18 Oscar Higgott , Nikolas P. Breuckmann

We present a planar surface-code-based scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation which eliminates the time overhead of single-qubit Clifford gates, and implements long-range multi-target CNOT gates with a time overhead that scales only…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-05-07 Daniel Litinski , Felix von Oppen

Quantum computers have the potential to change the way we solve computational problems. Due to the noisy nature of qubits, the need arises to correct physical errors occurring during computation. The surface code is a promising candidate…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-05-06 Gyorgy P. Geher , Ophelia Crawford , Earl T. Campbell

We consider an approach to fault tolerant quantum computing based on a simple error detecting code operating as the substrate for a conventional surface code. We develop a customised decoder to process the information about the likely…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-12-11 Xiaosi Xu , Qi Zhao , Xiao Yuan , Simon C. Benjamin

Fast classical processing is essential for most quantum fault-tolerance architectures. We introduce a sliding-window decoding scheme that provides fast classical processing for the surface code through parallelism. Our scheme divides the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2022-10-03 Xinyu Tan , Fang Zhang , Rui Chao , Yaoyun Shi , Jianxin Chen

The surface code is a quantum error-correcting code for one logical qubit, protected by spatially localized parity checks in two dimensions. Due to fundamental constraints from spatial locality, storing more logical qubits requires either…

量子物理 · 物理学 2024-10-15 Yifan Hong , Matteo Marinelli , Adam M. Kaufman , Andrew Lucas