相关论文: Black holes and cryptocurrencies
Bitcoin constructs temporal order internally rather than synchronizing to any external clock. Empirical evidence shows that its time evolution is non-continuous, probabilistic, and self-regulated. Block discovery follows a stochastic…
This paper is in three parts: Part 1 explains the relevance of Einstein-Rosen bridges for one-sided black holes. Like their two-sided counterparts, one-sided black holes are connected to ERBs whose growth tracks the increasing complexity of…
This work is originally a Cambridge Part III essay paper. Quantum complexity arises as an alternative measure to the Fubini metric between two quantum states. Given two states and a set of allowed gates, it is defined as the least complex…
Quantum complexity is conjectured to probe inside of black hole horizons (or wormhole) via gauge gravity correspondence. In order to have a better understanding of this correspondence, we study time evolutions of complexities for generic…
Blockchain is a decentralized ledger used to securely exchange digital currency, perform deals and transactions efficient manner, each user of the network has access to the least copy of the encrypted ledger so that they can validate a new…
Bitcoin derives a verifiable temporal order from probabilistic block discovery and cumulative proof-of-work rather than from a trusted global clock. We show that block arrivals exhibit stable exponential behavior across difficulty epochs,…
The blockchain ecosystem has evolved into a multi-chain world with various blockchains vying for use. Although each blockchain may have its own native cryptocurrency or digital assets, there are use cases to transfer these assets between…
Circuit complexity, defined as the minimum circuit size required for implementing a particular Boolean computation, is a foundational concept in computer science. Determining circuit complexity is believed to be a hard computational problem…
Blockchain, as the basis for cryptocurrencies, has received extensive attentions recently. Blockchain serves as an immutable distributed ledger technology which allows transactions to be carried out credibly in a decentralized environment.…
Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most transformative digital innovations of the 21st century. This paper presents a comprehensive review of blockchain's fundamental architecture, tracing its development from Bitcoin's initial…
We introduce proof of spending in a block-chain system. In this system the probability for a node to create a legal block is proportional to the total amount of coins it has spent in history.
The Binary Vector Clock is a simple, yet space-efficient algorithm for generating a partial order of transactions in account-based blockchain systems. The Binary Vector Clock solves the problem of order dependency in systems such as…
This paper illustrates various aspects of the ER=EPR conjecture.It begins with a brief heuristic argument, using the Ryu-Takayanagi correspondence, for why entanglement between black holes implies the existence of Einstein-Rosen bridges.…
Cryptocurrency is a novel exploration of a form of currency that proposes a decentralized electronic payment scheme based on blockchain technology and cryptographic theory. While cryptocurrency has the security characteristics of being…
Inheritance is the fundamental building block of civilization. This is the addition of wealth, knowledge and properties over time that produce the society in which we are living. Every generation does not have to start from zero and can…
This article considered deficiencies of the flourishing blockchain technology manifested by the development of quantum computation. We show that the future blockchain technology would under constant threats from the following aspects: 1)…
We consider the radial geodesic motion of a massive particle into a black hole in isotropic coordinates, which represents the exterior region of an Einstein-Rosen bridge (wormhole). The particle enters the interior region, which is regular…
Recently, the invention of quantum computers was so revolutionary that they bring transformative challenges in a variety of fields, especially for the traditional cryptographic blockchain, and it may become a real thread for most of the…
Blockchain is a continuously developing technology that has made digital transactions and related computing operations more transparent and secure through globally distributed and decentralized management of states, as well as the strong…
We condense the theory of blockchains down to a simple and compact set of four type equations (Idealised EUTxO), and to an algebraic characterisation (abstract chunk systems), and exhibit an adjoint pair of functors between them. This gives…