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Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2022-02-23 J. Montgomery , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , E. Anderes , A. J. Anderson , M. Archipley , J. S. Avva , K. Aylor , L. Balkenhol , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , K. Benabed , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , F. Bianchini , L. E. Bleem , F. R. Bouchet , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , P. Chaubal , G. Chen , H. -M. Cho , T. -L. Chou , J. -F. Cliche , T. M. Crawford , A. Cukierman , C. Daley , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , K. Dibert , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , D. Dutcher , T. Elleflot , W. Everett , C. Feng , K. R. Ferguson , A. Foster , J. Fu , S. Galli , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , N. Goeckner-Wald , J. C. Groh , R. Gualtieri , S. Guns , N. Gupta , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , E. Hivon , W. L. Holzapfel , J. C. Hood , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , L. Knox , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , C. Lu , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , M. Millea , A. Nadolski , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , Y. Omori , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , K. Prabhu , W. Quan , A. Rahlin , C. L. Reichardt , D. Riebel , B. Riedel , M. Rouble , J. E. Ruhl , J. T. Sayre , E. Schiappucci , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , J. A. Sobrin , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , K. L. Thompson , B. Thorne , C. Tucker , C. Umilta , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , W. L. K. Wu , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

On-sky performance of the SPT-3G frequency-domain multiplexed readout

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2020-01-08 A. N. Bender , A. J. Anderson , J. S. Avva , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , B. A. Benson , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , H. -M. Cho , J. F. Cliche , A. Cukierman , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , D. Dutcher , W. Everett , K. R. Ferguson , A. Foster , J. Fu , J. Gallicchio , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , A. Gilbert , J. C. Groh , S. Guns , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , W. L. Holzapfel , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , J. Montgomery , A. Nadolski , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , W. Quan , A. Rahlin , D. Riebel , J. E. Ruhl , J. T. Sayre , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , J. A. Sobrin , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , K. L. Thompson , C. Tucker , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

High-bandwidth frequency domain multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensors for neutrinoless double beta decay searches

The next-generation of cryogenic neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments require increasingly fast readout in order to improve background discrimination. These experiments, operated as cryogenic calorimeters at $\sim$10 mK, are usually…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2026-02-02 M. Adamič , M. Beretta , J. Camilleri , C. Capelli , M. A. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , B. K. Fujikawa , Yu. G. Kolomensky , D. Mayer , J. Montgomery , V. Novosad , A. M. Sindhwad , V. Singh , G. Smecher , A. Suzuki , B. Welliver

Demonstration of a 1820 channel multiplexer for transition-edge sensor bolometers

The scalability of most transition-edge sensor arrays is limited by the multiplexing technology which combines their signals over a reduced number of wires and amplifiers. In this Letter, we present and demonstrate a multiplexer design…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2025-10-21 J. C. Groh , Z. Ahmed , J. Austermann , J. Beall , D. Daniel , S. M. Duff , S. W. Henderson , J. Hubmayr , R. Lew , M. Link , T. J. Lucas , J. A. B. Mates , M. Silva-Feaver , R. Singh , J. Ullom , L. Vale , J. Van Lanen , M. Vissers , C. Yu

RFSoC Gen3-Based Software-Defined Radio Characterization for the Readout System of Low-Temperature Bolometers

This work reports the performance evaluation of an SDR readout system based on the latest generation (Gen3) of the AMD's Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) processing platform, which integrates a full-stack processing system and a…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2024-05-10 M. E. García Redondo , T. Muscheid , R. Gartmann , J. M. Salum , L. P. Ferreyro , N. A. Müller , J. D. Bonilla-Neira , J. M. Geria , J. J. Bonaparte , A. Almela , L. E. Ardila-Perez , M. R. Hampel , A. E. Fuster , M. Platino , O. Sander , M. Weber , A. Etchegoyen

Low Noise Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Bolometers using Sub-kelvin SQUIDs

Digital Frequency-Domain Multiplexing (DfMux) is a technique that uses MHz superconducting resonators and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) arrays to read out sets of Transition Edge Sensors. DfMux has been used by several…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2022-10-26 Tucker Elleflot , Aritoki Suzuki , Kam Arnold , Chris Bebek , Robin H. Cantor , Kevin T. Crowley , John Groh , Tijmen de Haan , Amber Hornsby , John Joseph , Adrian T. Lee , Tiffany Liu , Joshua Montgomery , Megan Russell , Qingyang Yu

Frequency Multiplexed SQUID Readout of Large Bolometer Arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background Measurements

A technological milestone for experiments employing Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers operating at sub-kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s--1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2015-06-03 M. A. Dobbs , M. Lueker , K. A. Aird , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , L. E. Bleem , J. E. Carlstrom , C. L. Chang , H. -M. Cho , J. Clarke , T. M. Crawford , A. T. Crites , D. I. Flanigan , T. de Haan , E. M. George , N. W. Halverson , W. L. Holzapfel , J. D. Hrubes , B. R. Johnson , J. Joseph , R. Keisler , J. Kennedy , Z. Kermish , T. M. Lanting , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , D. Luong-Van , J. J. McMahon , J. Mehl , S. S. Meyer , T. E. Montroy , S. Padin , T. Plagge , C. Pryke , P. L. Richards , J. E. Ruhl , K. K. Schaffer , D. Schwan , E. Shirokoff , H. G. Spieler , Z. Staniszewski , A. A. Stark , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , C. Vu , B. Westbrook , R. Williamson

Digital frequency domain multiplexing readout electronics for the next generation of millimeter telescopes

Frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in millimeter-wavelength astrophysical instrumentation. In fMux, the signals from multiple detectors are read out on…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2015-06-22 Amy N. Bender , Jean-François Cliche , Tijmen de Haan , Matt A. Dobbs , Adam J. Gilbert , Joshua Montgomery , Neil Rowlands , Graeme M. Smecher , Ken Smith , Andrew Wilson

Digital frequency multiplexing with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Digital frequency multiplexing (dfMux) is a readout architecture for transition edge sensor-based detector arrays and is used on telescopes including SPT-3G, POLARBEAR-2, and LiteBIRD. Here, we present recent progress and plans for…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2018-07-17 Amy E. Lowitz , Amy N. Bender , Matthew A. Dobbs , Adam J. Gilbert

Adaptation of frequency-domain readout for Transition Edge Sensor bolometers for the POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The POLARBEAR-2 CosmicMicrowave Background (CMB) experiment aims to observe B-mode polarization with high sensitivity to explore gravitational lensing of CMB and inflationary gravitational waves. POLARBEAR-2 is an upgraded experiment based…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2015-06-16 Kaori Hattori , Kam Arnold , Darcy Barron , Matt Dobbs , Tijmen de Haan , Nicholas Harrington , Masaya Hasegawa , Masashi Hazumi , William L. Holzapfel , Brian Keating , Adrian T. Lee , Hideki Morii , Michael J. Myers , Graeme Smecher , Aritoki Suzuki , Takayuki Tomaru

Frequency domain multiplexing readout for large arrays of transition-edge sensors

We report our most recent progress and demonstration of a frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout technology for transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays, both of which we have been developing, in the framework of the X-IFU instrument on…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2022-11-23 Davide Vaccaro , Hiroki Akamatsu , Luciano Gottardi , Jan van der Kuur , Kenichiro Nagayoshi , Emanuele Taralli , Martin de Wit , Marcel P. Bruijn , Anton J. van der Linden , Bert-Joost van Leeuwen , Paul van der Hulst , Kevin Ravensberg , Cor P. de Vries , Mikko Kiviranta , Jian-Rong Gao , Jan-Willem A. den Herder

Demonstration of MHz frequency domain multiplexing readout of 37 transition edge sensors for high-resolution x-ray imaging spectrometers

We report on the development and demonstration of a MHz frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) technology to read out arrays of cryogenic transition edge sensor (TES) X-ray microcalorimeters. In our FDM scheme, TESs are AC-biased at different…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2021-11-04 H. Akamatsu , D. Vaccaro , L. Gottardi , J. van der Kuur , C. P. de Vries , M. Kiviranta , K. Ravensberg , M. D'Andrea , E. Taralli , M. de Wit , M. P. Bruijn , P. van der Hulst , R. H. den Hartog , B-J. van Leeuwen , A. J. van der Linden , A. J McCalden , K. Nagayoshi , A. C. T. Nieuwenhuizen , M. L. Ridder , S. Visser , P. van Winden , J. R. Gao , R. W. M. Hoogeveen , B. D. Jackson , J-W. A. den Herder

Recent Advances in Frequency-Multiplexed TES Readout: Vastly Reduced Parasitics and an Increase in Multiplexing Factor with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements are fundamentally limited by photon statistics. Therefore, ground-based CMB observatories have been increasing the number of detectors that are simultaneously observing the sky. Thanks to the…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2020-03-18 T. de Haan , A. Suzuki , S. T. P. Boyd , R. H. Cantor , A. Coerver , M. A. Dobbs , R. Hennings-Yeomans , W. L. Holzapfel , A. T. Lee , G. I. Noble , G. Smecher , J. Zhou

Development of readout electronics for POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers with a large multiplexing factor is key for the next generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment, Polarbear-2, having 7,588 TES bolometers. To enable the large arrays, we…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2016-02-17 K. Hattori , Y. Akiba , K. Arnold , D. Barron , A. N. Bender , A. Cukierman , T. de Haan , M. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , M. Hasegawa , M. Hazumi , W. Holzapfel , Y. Hori , B. Keating , A. Kusaka , A. Lee , J. Montgomery , K. Rotermund , I. Shirley , A. Suzuki , N. Whitehorn

Multiplexed readout of Superconductor--Normal-Conductor--Superconductor bolometers

Recently, ultrasensitive calorimeters have been proposed as a resource-efficient solution for multiplexed qubit readout in superconducting large-scale quantum processors. However, experiments demonstrating frequency multiplexing of these…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-03-12 Priyank Singh , András Gunyhó , Heikki Suominen , Giacomo Catto , Florian Blanchet , Qi-Ming Chen , Arman Alizadeh , Aarne Keränen , Jian Ma , Timm Mörstedt , Wei Liu , Mikko Möttonen

The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G

SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2022-03-01 J. A. Sobrin , A. J. Anderson , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , D. Dutcher , A. Foster , N. Goeckner-Wald , J. Montgomery , A. Nadolski , A. Rahlin , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , E. Anderes , M. Archipley , J. E. Austermann , J. S. Avva , K. Aylor , L. Balkenhol , P. S. Barry , R. Basu Thakur , K. Benabed , F. Bianchini , L. E. Bleem , F. R. Bouchet , L. Bryant , K. Byrum , J. E. Carlstrom , F. W. Carter , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , P. Chaubal , G. Chen , H. -M. Cho , T. -L. Chou , J. -F. Cliche , T. M. Crawford , A. Cukierman , C. Daley , T. de Haan , E. V. Denison , K. Dibert , J. Ding , M. A. Dobbs , W. Everett , C. Feng , K. R. Ferguson , J. Fu , S. Galli , A. E. Gambrel , R. W. Gardner , R. Gualtieri , S. Guns , N. Gupta , R. Guyser , N. W. Halverson , A. H. Harke-Hosemann , N. L. Harrington , J. W. Henning , G. C. Hilton , E. Hivon , G. P. Holder , W. L. Holzapfel , J. C. Hood , D. Howe , N. Huang , K. D. Irwin , O. B. Jeong , M. Jonas , A. Jones , T. S. Khaire , L. Knox , A. M. Kofman , M. Korman , D. L. Kubik , S. Kuhlmann , C. -L. Kuo , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , A. E. Lowitz , C. Lu , S. S. Meyer , D. Michalik , M. Millea , T. Natoli , H. Nguyen , G. I. Noble , V. Novosad , Y. Omori , S. Padin , Z. Pan , P. Paschos , J. Pearson , C. M. Posada , K. Prabhu , W. Quan , C. L. Reichardt , D. Riebel , B. Riedel , M. Rouble , J. E. Ruhl , B. Saliwanchik , J. T. Sayre , E. Schiappucci , E. Shirokoff , G. Smecher , A. A. Stark , J. Stephen , K. T. Story , A. Suzuki , C. Tandoi , K. L. Thompson , B. Thorne , C. Tucker , C. Umilta , L. R. Vale , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , G. Wang , N. Whitehorn , W. L. K. Wu , V. Yefremenko , K. W. Yoon , M. R. Young

Frequency Multiplexing for Readout of Spin Qubits

We demonstrate a low loss, chip-level frequency multiplexing scheme for readout of scaled-up spin qubit devices. By integrating separate bias tees and resonator circuits on-chip for each readout channel, we realize dispersive gate-sensing…

介观与纳米尺度物理 · 物理学 2015-09-24 J. M. Hornibrook , J. I. Colless , A. C. Mahoney , X. G. Croot , S. Blanvillain , H. Lu , A. C. Gossard , D. J. Reilly

Understanding Side-Channel Vulnerabilities in Superconducting Qubit Readout Architectures

Frequency-multiplexing is an effective method to achieve resource-efficient superconducting qubit readout. Allowing multiple resonators to share a common feedline, the number of cables and passive components involved in the readout of a…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-02-06 Satvik Maurya , Chaithanya Naik Mude , Benjamin Lienhard , Swamit Tannu

A multiplexer for the ac/dc characterization of TES based bolometers and microcalorimeters

At SRON we are developing the Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) for the read-out of the TES-based detector array for the future infrared and X-ray space mission. We describe the performances of a multiplexer designed to increase the…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2016-04-12 Luciano Gottardi , Hiroki Akamatsu , Marcel Bruijn , Jan R. Gao , Roland den Hartog , Richard Hijmering , Henk Hoevers , Pourya Khosropanah , Jan van der Kuur , Anoton van der Linden , Marcel Lindeman , Marcel Ridder

Results and Limits of Time Division Multiplexing for the BICEP Array High Frequency Receivers

Time-Division Multiplexing is the readout architecture of choice for many ground and space experiments, as it is a very mature technology with proven outstanding low-frequency noise stability, which represents a central challenge in…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2024-04-26 S. Fatigoni , P. A. R. Ade , Z. Ahmed , M. Amiri , D. Barkats , R. Basu Thakur , C. A. Bischoff , D. Beck , J. J. Bock , V. Buza , J. Cheshire , J. Connors , J. Cornelison , M. Crumrine , A. J. Cukierman , E. V. Denison , M. I. Dierickx , L. Duband , M. Eiben , J. P. Filippini , A. Fortes , M. Gao , C. Giannakopoulos , N. Goeckner-Wald , D. C. Goldfinger , J. A. Grayson , P. K. Grimes , G. Hall , G. Halal , M. Halpern , E. Hand , S. A. Harrison , S. Handerson , S. R. Hildebrandt , G. C. Hilton , J. Hubmayr , H. Hui , K. D. Irwin , J. H. Kang , K. S. Karkare , S. Kefeli , J. M. Kovac , C. L. Kuo , K. Lau , A. Lennox , T. Liu , K. G. Megerian , O. Y. Miller , L. Minutolo , L. Moncelsi , Y. Nakato , H. T. Nguyen , R. O Brient , S. Palladino , M. A. Petroff , A. Polish , T. Prouve , C. Pryke , B. Racine , C. D. Reintsema , T. Romand , M. Salatino , A. Schillaci , B. L. Schmitt , B. Singari , A. Soliman , T. St. Germaine , A. Steiger , B. Steinbach , R. Sudiwala , K. L. Thompson , C. Tsai , C. Tucker , A. D. Turner , C. Umiltà , C. Vèrges , A. Wandui , A. C. Weber , D. V. Wiebe , J. Willmert , W. L. K. Wu , E. Yang , E. Young , C. Yu , L. Zeng , C. Zhang , S. Zhang