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The CAP Theorem is a frequently cited impossibility result in distributed systems, especially among NoSQL distributed databases. In this paper we survey some of the confusion about the meaning of CAP, including inconsistencies and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2015-09-21 Martin Kleppmann

The CAP theorem asserts a trilemma between consistency, availability, and partition tolerance. This paper introduces a rigorous automata-theoretic and economically grounded framework that reframes the CAP trade-off as a constraint…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2025-07-04 Craig S Wright

In distributed applications, Brewer's CAP theorem tells us that when networks become partitioned, there is a tradeoff between consistency and availability. Consistency is agreement on the values of shared variables across a system, and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2021-09-17 Edward A. Lee , Soroush Bateni , Shaokai Lin , Marten Lohstroh , Christian Menard

The fundamental tension between availability and consistency shapes the design of distributed storage systems. Classical results capture extreme points of this trade-off: the CAP theorem shows that strong models like linearizability…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-10-29 Hagit Attiya , Constantin Enea , Enrique Román-Calvo

In distributed applications, Brewer's CAP theorem tells us that when networks become partitioned (P), one must give up either consistency (C) or availability (A). Consistency is agreement on the values of shared variables; availability is…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2023-01-24 Edward A. Lee , Ravi Akella , Soroush Bateni , Shaokai Lin , Marten Lohstroh , Christian Menard

The CAP Theorem shows that (strong) Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance are impossible to be ensured together. Causal consistency is one of the weak consistency models that can be implemented to ensure availability and…

数据库 · 计算机科学 2021-03-01 Rachid Zennou , Ranadeep Biswas , Ahmed Bouajjani , Constantin Enea , Mohammed Erradi

Limitations of CAP theorem imply that if availability is desired in the presence of network partitions, one must sacrifice sequential consistency, a consistency model that is more natural for system design. We focus on the problem of what a…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2018-01-24 Duong Nguyen , Aleksey Charapko , Sandeep Kulkarni , Murat Demirbas

The CAP theorem is routinely treated as a systems law: under network partition, a replicated service must sacrifice either consistency or availability. The theorem is correct within its standard asynchronous network model, but operational…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-02-25 Paul Borrill

Data replication is essential to ensure reliability, availability and fault-tolerance of massive distributed applications over large scale systems such as the Internet. However, these systems are prone to partitioning, which by Brewer's CAP…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2015-01-12 Matthieu Perrin , Achour Mostéfaoui , Claude Jard

Limitations of the CAP theorem imply that if availability is desired in the presence of network partitions, one must sacrifice sequential consistency, a consistency model that is more natural for system design. We focus on the problem of…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2018-06-26 Duong Nguyen , Aleksey Charapko , Sandeep Kulkarni , Murat Demirbas

Programming large-scale distributed applications requires new abstractions and models to be done well. We demonstrate that these models are possible. Following from both the FLP result and CAP theorem, we show that concurrent programming…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2017-02-02 Christopher S. Meiklejohn

Counters are an important abstraction in distributed computing, and play a central role in large scale geo-replicated systems, counting events such as web page impressions or social network "likes". Classic distributed counters, strongly…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2013-07-12 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Carlos Baquero

Every distributed system -- databases, networks, postal services, CPU caches -- is a message-passing system. Every message-passing system is a growing causal log observed by a set of observers. We present Light Cone Consistency (LCC), a…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-05-12 Rob Landers , Kaben Kramer

By the CAP Theorem, a distributed data storage system can ensure either Consistency under Partition (CP) or Availability under Partition (AP), but not both. This has led to a split between CP databases, in which updates are synchronous, and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2018-01-22 Marc Shapiro , Annette Bieniusa , Nuno Preguiça , Valter Balegas , Christopher Meiklejohn

Foundational models of computation often abstract away physical hardware limitations. However, in extreme environments like In-Network Computing (INC), these limitations become inviolable laws, creating an acute trilemma among communication…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-02-26 Zhiyuan Ren , Mingxuan Lu , Wenchi Cheng

A value of a CSP instance is typically defined as a fraction of constraints that can be simultaneously met. We propose an alternative definition of a value of an instance and show that, for purely combinatorial reasons, a value of an…

计算复杂性 · 计算机科学 2021-07-21 Libor Barto , Marcin Kozik

Partial quorum systems are widely used in distributed key-value stores due to their latency benefits at the expense of providing weaker consistency guarantees. The probabilistically bounded staleness framework (PBS) studied the…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2021-01-27 Ramy E. Ali

Designing a rate limiter that is simultaneously accurate, available, and scalable presents a fundamental challenge in distributed systems, primarily due to the trade-offs between algorithmic precision, availability, consistency, and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2026-02-13 Bo Guan

We define am axiomatic timeless framework for asynchronous distributed systems, together with well-formedness and consistency axioms, which unifies and generalizes the expressive power of current approaches. 1) It combines classic…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2024-11-26 Paulo Sérgio Almeida

Each application developer desires to provide its users with consistent results and an always-available system despite failures. Boldly, the CALM theorem disagrees. It states that it is hard to design a system that is both consistent and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-08-25 Junchao Chen , Suyash Gupta , Daniel P. Hughes , Mohammad Sadoghi
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