相关论文: Notes on Gauss law applied for time varying electr…
In this paper we considered divergence of electric and of magnetic fields for four cases: classical point charge, classical continuous charge, relativistic point and relativistic continuous charges. Results for classical and relativistic…
We have re-examined the integral form of Gauss' law for arbitrarily moving charges inside and outside an arbitrarily expanding (or contracting) and deforming Gaussian surface. We have explicitly calculated the time-dependent Gauss' flux…
Based on Gauss's law for the electric field, new integral formulas are deduced. Although the applications are not limited within the physics realm, an application is also presented, for the sake of practicability, specifically in the area…
Within the framework of the universal algebra of the electromagnetic field, the impact of globally neutral configurations of external charges on the field is analyzed. External charges are not affected by the field, but they induce…
We find the electric field of a point charge in `truncated hyperbolic motion', in which the charge moves at a constant velocity followed by motion with a constant acceleration in its instantaneous rest frame. The same Lienard-Wiechert…
We argue that gauge transformations with arbitrary fractional winding numbers should be allowed in a non-Abelian gauge theory. This eliminates the topological distinction between large and small gauge transformations. We prove that the…
Gravity field theory and electromagnetic field theory are well established and confirmed by experiments. The Schwarzschild metric and Kerr Metric of Einstein field equation shows that the spatial differential of time gauge is the gravity…
The electric field of a uniformly accelerated charge shows a plane of discontinuity, where the field extending only on one side of the plane, terminates abruptly on the plane with a finite value. This indicates a non-zero divergence of the…
We show that Einstein's gravitational field has zero energy, momentum, and stress. This conclusion follows directly from the gravitational field equations, in conjunction with the differential law of energy-momentum conservation $…
In this and companion papers, we show that quantum field theories with gauge symmetries permit a broader class of classical dynamics than typically assumed. In this article, we show that the quantization of electromagnetism permits the…
The dielectric susceptibility of most materials follows a fractional power-law frequency dependence that is called the "universal" response. We prove that in the time domain this dependence gives differential equations with derivatives and…
A new exactly solvable case in strong-field quantum electrodynamics with a time-dependent external electric field is presented. The corresponding field is given by an analytic function, which is asymmetric (in contrast to Sauter-like…
In axion-Maxwell theory at the minimal axion-photon coupling, we find non-invertible 0- and 1-form global symmetries arising from the naive shift and center symmetries. Since the Gauss law is anomalous, there is no conserved,…
We derive, in a manifestly covariant and electromagnetic gauge independent way, the evolution law of the electric field $E^\alpha = Ee^\alpha\ (e^\alpha e_\alpha=1)$, relative to an arbitrary set of instantaneous observers along a null…
The nature of confinement is connected with color charge. Unfortunately, the color charge densities in QCD, the Noether charge densities associated with the global color invariance, are not invariant under local color rotations. This…
We obtain a modified version of Coulomb's law in two- and three-dimensional closed spaces. We demonstrate that in a closed space the total electric charge must be zero. We also discuss the relation between total charge neutrality of a…
As an integrative and insightful example for undergraduates learning about electrostatics, we discuss how to use symmetry, Coulomb's Law, superposition, Gauss's law, and visualization to understand the electric field produced by a…
Time-independent gauge transformations are implemented in the canonical formalism by the Gauss law which is not covariant. The covariant form of Gauss law is conceptually important for studying asymptotic properties of the gauge fields. For…
According to Larmor's formula, accelerated electric charges radiate electromagnetic waves. Hence charges should radiate, if they are in free fall in gravitational fields, and they should not radiate if they are supported at rest in…
We consider classical electromagnetic systems in which the current density ${\bf J}$ does not change with time, but has nonzero divergence, so that electric charge does build up steadily over time. We show that for such a system, the…