相关论文: On wave functional in QED

The wave-particle duality of the vacuum states of quantum fields is considered and the particle-like property of the vacuum state of a quantum field is proposed as a vacuum-particle which carries the vacuum-energy and the vacuum-momentum of…

Features of screening and confinement are reviewed in two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics (QED2). Our discussion is carried out using the gauge-invariant but path-dependent variables formalism. This alternative and useful approach…

The structure of solids and their phases is mainly determined by static Coulomb forces while the coupling of charges to the dynamical, i.e., quantized degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field plays only a secondary role. Recently, it…

In some recent papers it is claimed that the physical significance of the vacuum angle theta for QCD-like theories depends on the chosen gauge condition. We criticise the arguments that were given in support of this claim, and show by…

We introduce functional degrees of freedom by a new gauge principle related to the phase of the wave functional. Thereby, quantum mechanical systems are seen as dissipatively embedded part of a nonlinear classical structure producing…

Discussions are made on the relationship between physical states and gauge independence in QED. As the first candidate take the LSZ-asymptotic states in a covariant canonical formalism to investigate gauge independence of the (Belinfante's)…

We carry out a Dirac sea reinterpretation of a discretized version of the Hamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics (QED), and analyze the perturbed vacuum in the continuum limit. We argue that if certain operators can be shown to be the…

It is demonstrated that the second quantization which is the basis of quantum electrodynamics is introduced without sufficient grounds and even logically inconsistently although it yields extremely accurate predictions that are in excellent…

For the special case of compact QED in (2+1) dimensions, we calculate the non-Gaussian vacuum wave-functional to second order in the monopole fugacity and obtain the effective photon mass. Our method presents some hope for understanding the…

This talk reports on work aimed at improving our understanding of charged states in gauge theories.Emphasis is placed on different ways of implementingthe gauge invariance of physical states. QED perturbative calculations are used to stress…

A series of successive quantizations is considered, starting with the quantization of a non relativistic or relativistic point particle: 1) quantization of a particle's position, 2) quantization of wave function, 3) quantization of wave…

The stability of the vacuum for QED in the temporal gauge will be examined. It is generally assumed that the vacuum state is the quantum state with the lowest energy. However, it will be shown that this is not the case for a system…

A problem of constructing excited state swave functions of the discrete spectrum of completely integrable quantum systems is considered. Recurrence relations defining wave functions up to the normalizing constant are obtained.

We suppose that there are both particles with negative energies described by L_{W} and particles with positive energies described by L_{F}, L_{W} and L_{F} are independent of each other before quantization, dependent on each other after…

Generalized quantum measurements are an important extension of projective or von Neumann measurements, in that they can be used to describe any measurement that can be implemented on a quantum system. We describe how to realize two…

Coupled quantum electrodynamics (QED) cavities have been recently proposed as new systems to simulate a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium many-body phenomena. We present a brief review of their main properties together with a…

In a recent paper a mathematical model for quantum measurement was presented. The phenomenon of wave particle duality, which is introduced in every beginning course of quantum theory, can be explained using this model. Although it is a…

Recent work [J.S. Lundeen et al. Nature, 474, 188 (2011)] directly measured the wavefunction by weakly measuring a variable followed by a normal (i.e. `strong') measurement of the complementary variable. We generalize this method to mixed…

The standard method of "measuring" quantum wavefunction is the technique of {\it indirect} quantum state tomography. Owing to conceptual novelty and possible advantages, an alternative {\it direct} scheme was proposed and demonstrated…

We propose three core ideas: 1. the wave-particle duality of the qudit quantum space; 2. the classification of all elementary quantum gates by ordered pairs of qudit functionals; 3. a new type of quantum gates called the "quantum wave…