大气与海洋物理

The north Indian Ocean accounts for 6% of the global tropical cyclones annually. Despite the small fraction of cyclones, some of the most devastating cyclones have formed in this basin, causing extensive damage to the life and property in…

We present a data-driven approach for forecasting global weather using graph neural networks. The system learns to step forward the current 3D atmospheric state by six hours, and multiple steps are chained together to produce skillful…

Tropical precipitation clusters exhibit power-law frequency distributions in area and volume (integrated precipitation), implying a lack of characteristic scale in tropical convective organization. However, it remains unknown what gives…

The steady and transient response of "dynamically" dry and moist atmospheres to uniform sea-surface temperature (SST) is studied. Specifically, the latent heat (Lv) of water vapor is varied, so that for small Lv, water substance is…

Systematic spectral measurements of downwelling solar radiation, both of global and diffuse, have been collected in summertime during 8 years in the hemi-boreal zone in south east Estonia near the SMEAR-Estonia research station. The…

El Ni\~{n}o is a typical example of a coupled atmosphere--ocean phenomenon, but it is unclear whether it can be described quantitatively by a correlation between relevant climate events. To provide clarity on this issue, we developed a…

This paper investigates the impacts of climate change on groundwater droughts making use of regional projections and standardized indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index…

Accurately forecasting Arctic sea ice from subseasonal to seasonal scales has been a major scientific effort with fundamental challenges at play. In addition to physics-based earth system models, researchers have been applying multiple…

Large fires can inject smoke into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Detailed fire simulations allow for assessment of how local weather interacts with these fires and affects smoke lofting. In this study, we employ the fire…

Although permafrost thermal stabilization systems have been used for a long time already, they have always had shortcomings and limitations of performance which have become even more pronounced in the warming climate. Those could be…

We identify effective carriers of \emph{Sargassum} in the Caribbean Sea and describe a mechanism for coastal choking. Revealed from satellite altimetry, the carriers of \emph{Sargassum} are mesoscale eddies (vortices of 50-km radius or…

Skillful seasonal prediction of lightning is crucial over several global hotspot regions, as it causes severe damages to infrastructures and losses of human life. While major emphasis has been given for predicting rainfall, prediction of…

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is able to capture key boundary-layer (BL) turbulence and cloud processes. Yet, large-scale forcing and surface turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat are often poorly prescribed for LES simulations. We…

Advances in climate science have rendered obsolete gridded observation data sets commonly used in macroecological analyses. Novel climate reanalysis products outperform legacy data products in accuracy, temporal resolution, and provision of…

All numerical weather prediction models used for the wind industry need to produce their forecasts starting from the main synoptic hours 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC, once the analysis becomes available. The six-hour latency time between two…

This study assesses a Continuous Data Assimilation (CDA) dynamical-downscaling algorithm for enhancing the simulation of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) system. CDA is a mathematically rigorous technique that has been recently introduced to…

Aerosol scattering influences the retrieval of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). This is especially true for surfaces with reflectance close to a critical value where…

We consider the problem of coarse-graining in the context of finite-volume fluid models. If a variable is defined on a high-resolution grid it may be coarse-grained so that it is defined on a grid of lower resolution. In general this will…

Among other remote sensing technologies, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has become firmly established in the practice of oceanographic research. Despite solid experience in this field, comprehensive knowledge and interpretation of ocean/sea…

Emanuel's concept of maximum potential intensity (E-PI) estimates the maximum velocity of tropical cyclones from environmental parameters. At the point of maximum wind, E-PI's key equation relates proportionally the centrifugal acceleration…