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Clinical trials are indispensable for medical research and the development of new treatments. However, clinical trials often involve thousands of participants and can span several years to complete, with a high probability of failure during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yue Wang , Tianfan Fu , Yinlong Xu , Zihan Ma , Hongxia Xu , Yingzhou Lu , Bang Du , Honghao Gao , Jian Wu

Healthcare professionals need effective ways to use, understand, and validate AI-driven clinical decision support systems. Existing systems face two key limitations: complex visualizations and a lack of grounding in scientific evidence. We…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Reza Samimi , Aditya Bhattacharya , Lucija Gosak , Gregor Stiglic , Katrien Verbert

Synthetic healthcare data generation offers a promising solution to research limitations in clinical settings caused by privacy and regulatory constraints. However, current synthetic data generation approaches require specialized knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Nitish Nagesh , Salar Shakibhamedan , Mahdi Bagheri , Ziyu Wang , Nima TaheriNejad , Axel Jantsch , Amir M. Rahmani

Deep learning in medical imaging faces obstacles: limited data diversity, ethical issues, high acquisition costs, and the need for precise annotations. Bleeding detection and localization during surgery is especially challenging due to the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-18 Niran Nataraj , Maina Sogabe , Kenji Kawashima

Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis is complex, requiring the integration of imaging and clinical data for accurate assessment. While deep learning has shown promise in brain MRI analysis, it often functions as a black box, limiting…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-04 Yexiao He , Ziyao Wang , Yuning Zhang , Tingting Dan , Tianlong Chen , Guorong Wu , Ang Li

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created opportunities for e-learning, particularly in automated assessment systems that reduce educators' workload and provide timely feedback to students. However, developing effective…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Long Zhang , Meng Zhang , Wei Lin Wang , Yu Luo

Accurate pain assessment in patients with limited ability to communicate, such as older adults with severe dementia, represents a critical healthcare challenge. Robust automated systems of pain behavior detection may facilitate such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Babak Taati , Muhammad Muzammil , Yasamin Zarghami , Abhishek Moturu , Amirhossein Kazerouni , Hailey Reimer , Alex Mihailidis , Thomas Hadjistavropoulos

Electronic health records (EHRs) are long, noisy, and often redundant, posing a major challenge for the clinicians who must navigate them. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising solution for extracting and reasoning over this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Skatje Myers , Dmitriy Dligach , Timothy A. Miller , Samantha Barr , Yanjun Gao , Matthew Churpek , Anoop Mayampurath , Majid Afshar

The best way to calculate statistics from medical data is to use the data of individual patients. In some settings, this data is difficult to obtain due to privacy restrictions. In Germany, for example, it is not possible to pool routine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-18 Stefan Lenz , Harald Binder

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence systems has brought the challenge of AI alignment to the forefront of research, particularly in complex decision-making and task execution. As these systems surpass human-level performance in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Mehrdad Zakershahrak , Samira Ghodratnama

Vision-grounded medical report generation aims to produce clinically accurate descriptions of medical images, anchored in explicit visual evidence to improve interpretability and facilitate integration into clinical workflows. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Longzhen Yang , Zhangkai Ni , Ying Wen , Yihang Liu , Lianghua He , Heng Tao Shen

The process of matching patients with suitable clinical trials is essential for advancing medical research and providing optimal care. However, current approaches face challenges such as data standardization, ethical considerations, and a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jiayi Yuan , Ruixiang Tang , Xiaoqian Jiang , Xia Hu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for diagnostic tasks in medicine. In clinical practice, the correct diagnosis can rarely be immediately inferred from the initial patient presentation alone. Rather, reaching a diagnosis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Hui Min Wong , Philip Heesen , Pascal Janetzky , Martin Bendszus , Stefan Feuerriegel

The pursuit of diverse, complex, and large-scale instruction data is crucial for automatically aligning large language models (LLMs). While there are methods capable of generating synthetic instructions at scale, they either suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chiwei Zhu , Benfeng Xu , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

Current medical AI systems often fail to replicate real-world clinical reasoning, as they are predominantly trained and evaluated on static text and question-answer tasks. These tuning methods and benchmarks overlook critical aspects like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zijie Liu , Xinyu Zhao , Jie Peng , Zhuangdi Zhu , Qingyu Chen , Kaidi Xu , Xia Hu , Tianlong Chen

Large language model (LLM) systems are increasingly used to support high-stakes decision-making, but they typically perform worse when the available evidence is internally inconsistent. Such a scenario exists in real-world healthcare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Haochen Liu , Weien Li , Rui Song , Zeyu Li , Chun Jason Xue , Xiao-Yang Liu , Sam Nallaperuma , Xue Liu , Ye Yuan

Background: As of 2026, Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate expert-level medical knowledge. However, deploying them as autonomous "Clinical Agents" remains limited. Current Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and standards like FHIR are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Takahito Nakajima

Problem: Effective patient-centered communication is a core competency for physicians. However, both seasoned providers and medical trainees report decreased confidence in leading conversations on sensitive topics such as goals of care or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Simon N. Chu , Alex J. Goodell

High-quality, large-scale data is essential for robust deep learning models in medical applications, particularly ultrasound image analysis. Diffusion models facilitate high-fidelity medical image generation, reducing the costs associated…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-01 Pooria Ashrafian , Milad Yazdani , Moein Heidari , Dena Shahriari , Ilker Hacihaliloglu

In this paper, we focus on the semantic image synthesis task that aims at transferring semantic label maps to photo-realistic images. Existing methods lack effective semantic constraints to preserve the semantic information and ignore the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Hao Tang , Song Bai , Nicu Sebe