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Generating a game is not the same as making one that can be played. Despite advances in code generation, existing approaches treat game generation as one-shot translation from prompt to artifact, leaving interaction-level failures…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yixu Huang , Bo Li , Na Li , Zhe Wang , Kaijie Chen , Haonan Ge , Qingyi Si , Yuanzhe Shen , Ruihan Yang , Guangjing Wang , Hongcheng Guo

Behavior trees (BTs) are a popular method for modeling NPC and enemy AI behavior and have been widely used in commercial games. In this work, rather than use BTs to model game playing agents, we use them for modeling game design agents,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Anurag Sarkar , Seth Cooper

Search-based procedural content generation (PCG) is a well-known method for level generation in games. Its key advantage is that it is generic and able to satisfy functional constraints. However, due to the heavy computational costs to run…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Ahmed Khalifa , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

The diversity of agent behaviors is an important topic for the quality of video games and virtual environments in general. Offering the most compelling experience for users with different skills is a difficult task, and usually needs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Ciprian Paduraru , Miruna Paduraru

Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) has enhanced game content creation, yet challenges in controllability and limited training data persist. This study addresses these issues by distilling a constructive PCG algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuhe Nie , Michael Middleton , Tim Merino , Nidhushan Kanagaraja , Ashutosh Kumar , Zhan Zhuang , Julian Togelius

In recent times, a plethora of Large Code Generation Models (LCGMs) have been proposed, showcasing significant potential in assisting developers with complex programming tasks. Benchmarking LCGMs necessitates the creation of a set of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Simin Chen , Xiaoning Feng , Xiaohong Han , Cong Liu , Wei Yang

Techniques for procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) have been shown to be useful for generating novel game content. While used primarily for producing new content in the style of the game domain used for training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Anurag Sarkar , Adam Summerville , Sam Snodgrass , Gerard Bentley , Joseph Osborn

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has advanced from text-to-image generation to text-to-video and multimodal video synthesis. However, generating playable games presents significant challenges due to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Mingyu Yang , Junyou Li , Zhongbin Fang , Sheng Chen , Yangbin Yu , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang , Deheng Ye

Machine learning for procedural content generation has recently become an active area of research. Levels vary in both form and function and are mostly unrelated to each other across games. This has made it difficult to assemble suitably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is typically framed as the task of fitting a generative model to full-scale examples of a desired content distribution. This approach presents a fundamental tension: the more design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Isaac Karth , Adam M. Smith

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) techniques enable automatic creation of diverse and complex environments. While PCG facilitates more efficient content creation, ensuring consistently high-quality, industry-standard content remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Mahdi Farrokhimaleki , Parsa Rahmati , Richard Zhao

The attempt to utilize machine learning in PCG has been made in the past. In this survey paper, we investigate how generative artificial intelligence (AI), which saw a significant increase in interest in the mid-2010s, is being used for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Xinyu Mao , Wanli Yu , Kazunori D Yamada , Michael R. Zielewski

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) in games involves using machine learning techniques to create game content such as maps and levels. 2D tile-based game levels have consistently served as a standard dataset for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

In this article, we present an experimental approach to using parameterized Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to produce levels for the puzzle game Lily's Garden. We extract two condition vectors from the real levels in an effort to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Andreas Hald , Jens Struckmann Hansen , Jeppe Kristensen , Paolo Burelli

We propose the problem of tutorial generation for games, i.e. to generate tutorials which can teach players to play games, as an AI problem. This problem can be approached in several ways, including generating natural language descriptions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Michael Cerny Green , Ahmed Khalifa , Gabriella A. B. Barros , Julian Togelius

While games have been used extensively as milestones to evaluate game-playing AI, there exists no standardised framework for reporting the obtained observations. As a result, it remains difficult to draw general conclusions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks

Real-time generative game engines represent a paradigm shift in interactive simulation, promising to replace traditional graphics pipelines with neural world models. However, existing approaches are fundamentally constrained by the ``Memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wei Zeng , Xuchen Li , Ruili Feng , Zhen Liu , Fengwei An , Jian Zhao

We introduce the Chronicle Challenge as an optional addition to the Settlement Generation Challenge in Minecraft. One of the foci of the overall competition is adaptive procedural content generation (PCG), an arguably under-explored problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Christoph Salge , Christian Guckelsberger , Michael Cerny Green , Rodrigo Canaan , Julian Togelius

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) is the process of procedurally generating game content using models trained on existing game content. PCGML methods can struggle to capture the true variance present in underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Bowei Li , Ruohan Chen , Yuqing Xue , Ricky Wang , Wenwen Li , Matthew Guzdial

Creating and evaluating games manually is an arduous and laborious task. Procedural content generation can aid by creating game artifacts, but usually not an entire game. Evolutionary game design, which combines evolutionary algorithms with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Lana Bertoldo Rossato , Leonardo Boaventura Bombardelli , Anderson Rocha Tavares