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Traditional ontologies describe domain structure but cannot generate novel artifacts. Large language models generate fluently but produce outputs lacking structural validity, hallucinating mechanisms without components, goals without end…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Benny Cheung

This paper presents an innovative framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) with an external Thinker module to enhance the reasoning capabilities of LLM-based agents. Unlike augmenting LLMs with prompt engineering, Thinker…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Shuang Wu , Liwen Zhu , Tao Yang , Shiwei Xu , Qiang Fu , Yang Wei , Haobo Fu

Results from a triple-blind mixed-method user study into the effectiveness of mixed-initiative tools for the procedural generation of game levels are presented. A tool which generates levels using interactive evolutionary optimisation was…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Sean P. Walton , Alma A. M. Rahat , James Stovold

Large-scale natural language generation requires the integration of vast amounts of knowledge: lexical, grammatical, and conceptual. A robust generator must be able to operate well even when pieces of knowledge are missing. It must also be…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Kevin Knight , Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou

The advent of large pre-trained generative language models has provided a common framework for AI story generation via sampling the model to create sequences that continue the story. However, sampling alone is insufficient for story…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Amal Alabdulkarim , Winston Li , Lara J. Martin , Mark O. Riedl

This paper presents a two-step generative approach for creating dungeons in the rogue-like puzzle game MiniDungeons 2. Generation is split into two steps, initially producing the architectural layout of the level as its walls and floor…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Michael Cerny Green , Ahmed Khalifa , Athoug Alsoughayer , Divyesh Surana , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

We present Text2MBL, a text-to-code generation framework that generates executable Building Information Modeling (BIM) code directly from textual descriptions of modular building layout (MBL) design. Unlike conventional layout generation…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yinyi Wei , Xiao Li

In this paper, we first present the character texture generation system \textit{Minecraft-ify}, specified to Minecraft video game toward in-game application. Ours can generate face-focused image for texture mapping tailored to 3D virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Bumsoo Kim , Sanghyun Byun , Yonghoon Jung , Wonseop Shin , Sareer UI Amin , Sanghyun Seo

Game Description Generation (GDG) is the task of generating a game description written in a Game Description Language (GDL) from natural language text. Previous studies have explored generation methods leveraging the contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Tsunehiko Tanaka , Edgar Simo-Serra

It has recently been shown that reinforcement learning can be used to train generators capable of producing high-quality game levels, with quality defined in terms of some user-specified heuristic. To ensure that these generators' output is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Sam Earle , Maria Edwards , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely applied in educational practices, such as for generating children's stories. However, the generated stories are often too difficult for children to read, and the operational cost of LLMs hinders their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Qian Shen , Fanghua Cao , Min Yao , Shlok Gilda , Bonnie J. Dorr , Walter L. Leite

Thinking aloud is an effective meta-cognitive strategy human reasoners apply to solve difficult problems. We suggest to improve the reasoning ability of pre-trained neural language models in a similar way, namely by expanding a task's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Gregor Betz , Kyle Richardson , Christian Voigt

We investigate how reinforcement learning can be used to train level-designing agents. This represents a new approach to procedural content generation in games, where level design is framed as a game, and the content generator itself is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Sam Earle , Julian Togelius

Story composition is a challenging problem for machines and even for humans. We present a neural narrative generation system that interacts with humans to generate stories. Our system has different levels of human interaction, which enables…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Haining Feng , Nanyun Peng

Many reinforcement learning environments (e.g., Minecraft) provide only sparse rewards that indicate task completion or failure with binary values. The challenge in exploration efficiency in such environments makes it difficult for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hao Li , Xue Yang , Zhaokai Wang , Xizhou Zhu , Jie Zhou , Yu Qiao , Xiaogang Wang , Hongsheng Li , Lewei Lu , Jifeng Dai

The topic of Co-creation, i.e., AI agents interacting with humans to generate outputs (e.g., art), has gained significant attention recently. However, most studies focus on adult-human interactions in a digital setting. This paper explores…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Arturo Valdivia , Paolo Burelli

Creatively translating complex gameplay ideas into executable artifacts (e.g., games as Unity projects and code) remains a central challenge in computational game creativity. Gameplay design patterns provide a structured representation for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hugh Xuechen Liu , Kıvanç Tatar

Recent approaches to data-to-text generation have adopted the very successful encoder-decoder architecture or variants thereof. These models generate text which is fluent (but often imprecise) and perform quite poorly at selecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Ratish Puduppully , Mirella Lapata

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive general capabilities but often struggle with step-by-step procedural reasoning, a critical challenge in complex interactive environments. While retrieval-augmented methods like GraphRAG…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jonathan Leung , Yongjie Wang , Zhiqi Shen